Deception in ResearchÂÂ

Deception in Research The article I chose from Capella Library was about Deception in Research. While exploring my area of interest may require misleading or not completely informing your subjects about the true nature of your research, as a general rule, serious deception should be avoided whenever possible, since it put at risks the integrity of informed authority. For research involving deception the use of deception must be justified in the procedure to show that the research cannot be performed in the absence of deception and the benefits of the research will sufficiently be more important than any risks that deception may create.Research participants cannot be deceived about significant aspects of the research that would affect their willingness to participate or that would cause them physical or emotional harm. Deception must be explained to participants (debriefed) as early as reasonable. A debriefing script must be included in the procedure and should include a detailed desc ription of the ways in which deception was used and why; when and by whom the debriefing will be administered should also be included.True â€Å"informed consent† cannot be given if the true nature of the research is deceptively presented. This situation is dealt with administratively via a waiver of portions of the information consent regulations. Deception is a word used to end arguments, not to begin them. To accuse researchers of deception is to remove them from the ranks of those with whom legitimate human relationships can be pursued. For an example, let’s look at in the article of Deception in Research on the Placebo Effect.Experiments exploring the placebo effect, however, suggest justifiable ethical concerns, owing to the use of deception. The ethical intend to conduct of deceptive placebo research include (1) review and approval by an independent research ethics to establish the use of deception and that the study protocol offers sufficient value to justify t he risks it poses to participants, including the use of deception; (2) disclosure in the informed-consent document that the study involves the use of deception; and (3) participants at the conclusion of research participation.This also concludes that in order to supply to public accountability, articles reporting the results of research using deception should describe temporarily loyalty with these participant-protection rules. Ethics is one of the most crucial areas of research, with deception and research increasingly becoming a crucial area of discussion between psychologists, philosophers and ethical groups.Examples of Deception and Research to show how ethical concerns have changed during the 20th century, it is useful to look at some examples such as Deception in Psychological Research. Deception has been attacked repeatedly as ethically unacceptable and morally reprehensible. However, research has revealed that subjects who have participated in deception experiments versus no deception experiments enjoyed the experience more, received more educational benefit from it, and did not mind being deceived or having their privacy invaded.Such evidence suggests that deception, although unethical from a moral point of view, is not considered to be aversive, undesirable, or an unacceptable methodology from the research participant's point of view. The repeated assumption of the unacceptability of deception seems to be due to the fact that deception has been evaluated only from the viewpoint of moral philosophizing. This has led to the repeated conclusion that deception is reprehensible and seems to have created a perceptual set to view deception immediately as aversive.However, the perception of the unethical nature of deception seems to be minimal in studies that investigate innocuous public behaviors and enhanced in studies that run the risk of harming research participants or in studies that investigate private behaviors. When this knowledge is combined with t he fact that research participants do not mind being deceived, and that it can also be viewed as immoral not to conduct research on important problems, the scale seems to be tilted in favor of continuing the use of deception in psychological research.Is it ethically permissible to use deception in psychological experiments? We argue that, provided some requirements are satisfied, it is possible to use deceptive methods without producing significant harm to research participants and without any significant violation of their autonomy. We also argue that methodological deception is at least at the moment the only effective means by which one can acquire morally significant information about certain behavioral tendencies. Individuals in general and research participants in particular, gain self-knowledge which can help them improve their autonomous decision-making.The community gains collective self-knowledge that, once shared, can play a role in shaping education, informing policies a nd in general creating a more efficient and just society. Reference: 1. Deception in Research on the Placebo Effect Franklin G Miller,*  David Wendler, and  Leora C Swartzman Author information  Copyright and License information  See â€Å"Placebo: Physician, Heal Thyself† , e388. This article has been  cited by  other articles in PMC. 2. Harrington A, editor. (1997) The placebo effect: An interdisciplinary exploration.Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. 272 p. 3. Deception in psychology: moral costs and benefits of unsought self-knowledge. Bortolotti L, Mameli M. SourcePhilosophy Department, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, 2006 Jul-Sep;13(3):259-75. 4. 2002;12(2):117-42. Deception in research: distinctions and solutions from the perspective of utilitarianism. Pittenger DJ. Source Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, 615 McCallie Ave. , Chattanooga, TN 37403, USA

Global Warming Essay

There are many causes of Global Warming. The destruction and burning down of tropical forests , traffic clogging up the city streets , rapid growth of unplanned industries, the use of CFCs in packaging and manufacturing products, the use of detergents etc. cause Global Warming. Besides, overpopulation, deforestation are the causative factors of Global Warming. The setting up of mills and factories in an unplanned way has a great effect on environment. These mills and factories produce black smoke which gets mixed with air and increases the amount of CO2. Burning of Gas such as Methane (CH4) and fuel also increase CO2Â ­ in the environment. Killing animals like birds, big cats, lions, tigers is also a alarming cause of Global Warming. The effects of Global Warming is very dangerous for our existence and survival. The sun’s scorching heat comes to earth in a direct way. Therefore, the earth’s surface becomes seriously heated. Agriculture, forestry and fishery is seriously be damaged. This can catastrophically reduce mankind’s ability to grow foods, destroy wildlife. Global Warming also cause sea-water to swell up. All species are important for maintaining ecological balance. If one is lost, the whole natural environment changes. To prevent the dangerous effects of Global Warming necessary steps should immediately be taken. People should not be allowed to cut off trees which causes deforestation. Rather they should be advised and suggested to plant more and more trees in accordance with their capability and convenience. Forests also control the natural balance. People should be made aware of it. Mills, factories, brick-fields should be set up in a very good planned way. There should be well drainage system to pass away waste materials, wastages and poisonous chemicals. The alarming world’s climate is very dangerous for mankind and ecological balance. Unless Global Warming is not controlled, no men, animals will be able to live, grow and thrive. So, we should try maintain the ecological balance to decrease the effects of Global Warming.

Examining Christian Symbolism in “A White Heron” Essay

Symbolism is a very prominent attribute contained within Sarah Orne Jewett’s short story, â€Å"A White Heron†. The short story takes its reader through the short exploration that the main character, Sylvia, goes through when she is faced with making a decision that may lead to the end of a beautiful bird’s life. Many critics have analyzed and debated the many symbols contained within the story. Victoria Freivogel, an English teacher from Louisiana, wrote an essay which examines what she considers the symbolism to be in â€Å"A White Heron†. In her essay she goes against other critics who claim â€Å"the ornithologist, pine tree, and white heron are symbolic of Sylvia’s burgeoning sexuality† (Freivogel 136). In fact she states, â€Å"they are, in fact, symbols of Christianity† (Freivogel 136). Innocence in â€Å"The White Heron† is a theme that I, as a reader, have recognized each time I have read the story. Reading Freivogelâ⠂¬â„¢s essay and learning about other critic’s views can be a little unsettling when the reader has only viewed the story as an innocent journey of a young girl who decides to protect nature, as well as her own conscious. Freivogel reveals that, â€Å"Many critics liken the ornithologist to a sexual predator† (Freivogel 136). These critics consider him a predator because he is offering her money for compensation if she can lead him to the white heron which is symbolic of a â€Å"sexual predator convincing Sylvia to hunt for the white heron with him† (Freivogel 136). She goes on to say that these critics consider the â€Å"hunt for birds equal to a hunt for Sylvia’s sexual being† (Freivogel 137). In reality, the hunt is simply for the bird and innocence remains prominent, which is shown when Jewett writes that Sylvia, â€Å"could not understand why he killed the very birds he seemed to like so much† (Jewett 67). A clear symbol in â€Å"A White Heron† is the hunter who symbolizes an enemy; the enemy against nature and and the enemy against Sylvia possibly going against her better judgment. Freivogel considers the symbol of an enemy to be symbolic of Satan. Other critics also view the enemy as Satan. Freivogel points out that the hunter from first appearances, â€Å"is charming, sly, and observant of Sylvia’s weakness† (Freivogel 138). These qualities are said to be the same of Satan in the Garden of Eden, and the hunter is preying on Sylvia, as Satan preyed on Eve. However, he is preying on her weakness in order for him to have the satisfaction of hunting down the white heron, not preying on her in a sexual  manner. Another inept image that some critics maintain is that the pine tree that Sylvia climbs is â€Å"sexually symbolic† (Freivogel 138).   The passage, â€Å"The tree seemed to lengthen itself out as she went up, and to reach farther and farther upward† (Jewett 69), Richard Benzo wrote that â€Å"there is a sexual relationship indicated by this passage† and that â€Å"Sylvia I somehow trying to overcome a fear of sexual relations† (qtd. in Freivogel 138). This sexual claim about the pine tree is said to be â€Å"too obvious, and facile† by Freivogel. These critics who maintain that this story has a sexual theme do not see innocence involved in this story at all. The tree is actually a Christian symbol that reminds believers to â€Å"seek out heavenly treasures, rather than earthly treasures† (qtd. in Freivogel 139), and this is what Sylvia does by choosing to not let the hunter know where to find the white heron. Lastly, the white heron is also seen as a symbol of sexuality by other critics. Freivogel writes that another critic, Elizabeth Ammons, argues that the heron is symbolic â€Å"of Sylvia’s body that she must offer up as ‘prey’ to the ornithologist in exchange for ‘money, social approval, and affection† (qtd. In Freivogel 140). In reality Jewett wrote nothing to indicate that the hunter was trying to â€Å"prey† on Sylvia in a sexual way. However, he was preying on her innocence by tempting her with a money reward for informing him of the white heron’s location. Freivogel rebukes these critic’s viewpoints on the heron being sexually symbolic. She even goes so far to say, â€Å"the idea of the heron as a sexual symbol seems the most far-fetched† (Freivogel 140). Birds are symbolic in the Christian church. They are said to be â€Å"symbolic of Christ† and â€Å"images of the eternal struggle of good and evil and of Christ’s battle against the devil† (qtd. in Freivogel 140). Sylvia encompasses all of these throughout her journey to find the heron, and into her decision to keep its location a secret. Many critics base their analyses on â€Å"A White Heron† on sexual nuances as the symbolism of the story. Freivogel affirms that it is a story â€Å"filled with symbols that are common to Christian beliefs† (Freivogel 141). Sylvia has overcome the temptations offered to her by the hunter or â€Å"satan†, and reached the top of the pine tree where she realizes the true treasures come from the heavens, and she could not betray that for â€Å"earthly treasures† brought by the money. Ultimately, Sylvia won the battle of good versus evil. Victoria Freivogel’s views on symbolism capture the true essence of  the story, which I believe to be pure innocence. Christian symbolism throughout the story cements the purity of nature and even of the young Sylvia. Sylvia is only a nine year old girl. Many of her views will be highly influenced by others, but she has the purest mind and heart, and she listened to the voices of nature, as well as her inner conscience when deciding that she could not tell the whereabouts of the white heron. I find the sexual symbolism believed by other critics to be senseless. Those impure views take away the purity of the theme, and it completely changes the meaning of the story. I will always read â€Å"The White Heron† as a story of a young girl who shows remarkable fearlessness in her journey to find the heron and in her journey she discovers how precious all life truly is. . Works Cited Freivogel, Victoria. â€Å"Christian Symbolism In Sarah Orne Jewett’s ‘A White Heron’.† Eureka Studies In Teaching Short Fiction 7.2 (2007): 136-142. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. Jewett, Sarah Orne. â€Å"A White Heron.† Literature: A Pocket Anthology. Ed. R.S. Gwynn. 5th ed. Boston: Pearson Education, 2012. 62-71. Print.

Velocity circus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Velocity circus - Essay Example Velocity circus is the only circus that managed to capture the world in one tent and kept it rising in the sky. This magnificent circus is unique and full of wonders of the world. There is nothing too big or small for their attention. They will do a terrific job of interrupting people’s themes. â€Å"This circus was established 1987 in San Leandro by Greg Angelo Herrera†. (Seabock 2). He is a genuine San Franciscan and the artistic director of Velocity Arts and Entertainment and Velocity Circus. The persona of his has become synonymous with the exceptional nature in which he demonstrates the quality of his arts and entertainment. When Greg Angelo has time, he goes to lecture at art schools and universities around the United States. As such, he is an active mentor, teacher and advocate of emerging artists. In this way he has been able to keep the circus up to date with emerging technologies and circus performance types. In this way, the circus is revitalized with new ide as and entertainment acts that ensure every second and subsequent visit feel like the first visit. As Velocity circus continues to inspire others by their uniqueness, this review will include: why they are unique, the author’s opinion on how they performed, and why people should actually visit such a performance. I have experienced wonder when I attended their performance this past Wednesday. They knew how to touch the heart of the audience member and enchant it with awe. Ultiamtely, Velocity has this way of tapping into every individual’s inner desires and preferences in circus entertainment and somehow seeking to meet them. In such a way, the Velocity circus in San Leandro is considered to be one of the most diverse, colorful and unique acts in the world. From magicians to flying acrobats; Velocity has it all. Whatever one desires and is interested in, they are bound to find it there. They also add some form of unique touch to their acts and performances which help t o distinguish it from other circus acts. Moreover, they are lively and can store vivid images of the experience in ones memory for a long period of time; ultimately building anticipation for a next visit. If I would compare Velocity with other circuses, it would be necessary to conclude that other circuses have the same pattern of characters. For example the clown, juggler and some animal acts. Yet, Velocity has more colorful, distinguished characters and every act is different; not like the other circuses. Furthermore, there are absolutely no animals in their acts. The first performance that I thought was gripping was with regards to the glow in the dark contortionists. â€Å"Probably it is the most visual thing you have ever seen† ( Jennings, News Caster ABC 7) .This act exceeded my expectations on every level. Its extreme yoga was able to add a certain element of grace to the performance. I was also highly impressed that she actually trained when she was 9 years old until now. I further loved this act because of the amount of dedication that she was able to put into her performance. In this way you can literally read it in her eyes and her moves. She does it with so much agility and respect that everyone in the audience went silent in amazement and admiration. The fact that she has dedicated a so much into her performance for so many years makes you appreciate it even more. The second performance that was especially noteworthy was with regards to the dancing act. The woman that threw my heart into a wonderful cardiac arrest was named Darkjia. I love the way she danced; it can only be described as something of a dancing goddess. It was the most amazing performance I have ever seen in my life, matching every beat with subconscious moves with her body. She danced like one without a spine; with such much flexibility you would think she has the body of a snake. She has a 3-year-old boy who resides in her home country of Mongolia. At the end of her perform ance she gives an account of her story. She is in San Francisco doing what she does best to be able to

Laws Pertaining to Early Childhood Intervention Programs for Children Research Paper

Laws Pertaining to Early Childhood Intervention Programs for Children with Disabilities - Research Paper Example For a teacher, it will be important to understand the problems of such children in the classroom, in order to plan their lessons accordingly. Children with special needs require special support with their learning styles. A multisensory approach is the best which supports the child in all the three ways: auditory, visual and kinesthetic. ICT offers many solutions for children with disabilities. Teachers must understand that children with special needs need extra time and effort in understanding the lesson, and hence they should be treated quite differently in lesson, but not in a way that makes them stand out. Hence, teachers must implement such learning strategies that help dyslexic children retain information in their memory for longer time, while helping them maintain their self-esteem at the same time. There are many laws that address the needs of special children. This paper discusses some laws pertaining to special education, and how these laws will be helpful for a classroom h aving children with special needs. ... All persons- children or adults- who have in their medical history that they have been or are going through such a disability, or people perceive him as disabled, are accommodated by this Act. According to the Department Chair Online Resource Center (2003, para.1), â€Å"The American with Disabilities Act (ADA) is intended to provide qualified students who have disabilities with equal access to all services available to the general student population.† In other words, children with special needs must be provided the same opportunities that are being provided to other normal children. According to the article, ADA is a civil-rights related statute, and must not be considered as an affirmative action. The department further illustrates that the disability can be mental or physical, and the disabled students must be provided security and benefits, so that their learning may be enhanced. This law can mean a lot to special needs classroom setting, as teachers should strive for prom oting equal learning opportunities to children with special needs. Rehabilitation Act (1973) According to the U.S. Department of Education (1998), section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (1973) aims at protecting students with special needs from discrimination. This Act applies to all those school districts that accept federal money from the state, and thus, they must provide free and appropriate special education to children with special needs. An interesting thing is that section 504 of this Act provides appropriate services to those students who are not eligible for these services according to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). The Rehabilitation Act provides legal protection and rights to children with

Feasibility of Various Techniques of Providing Fresh Water Essay

Feasibility of Various Techniques of Providing Fresh Water Accessibility in Arid Regions - Essay Example However it is now estimated that by the year 2025, 3.4 billion people would be having to deal with chronic water shortage (Calzolaio 5). And if that happens, the global community is going to witness great fighting over control of water resources unlike ever before, though water resource-related conflict has a marked history going back to medieval times (Gleick 105). Hence the focus must now shift towards addressing the causes and remedies of the fresh water availability issue. The unfortunate fact is that the need for conservation and preservation of water is present mainly in the underdeveloped regions of the world, not only because raising awareness about the problem among illiterate populations is hard but also because these areas are densely populated and require establishment of water sources in very high concentrations. Environmental factors continue to play their role in exacerbating the problem. For instance global warming is having a profound impact on the average temperatur e of the earth’s water body causing it to be more prone to evaporation and speeding up the transfer of fresh water into sea water (Vorosmarty et al., 284). Anyhow, the society must continue to look for solutions; and to continue the march towards civic sustainability. It is encouraging that in the last decade there has been many an information drive towards raising awareness among the general public about the issue of water conservation. Water management is going up the stairs of multi-national political agendas as well. Water management is the exploration of strategies for improving the quality and quantity of utilizable water while minimizing potential negative impacts on human health and environment (Drechsel et al., 14). 2. Water Situation in Arid Regions Aridity of a land implies perennial scantiness of rainfall and scarcity of inland surface water. Most of the severely arid regions of the world are found in close proximity to the line of equator. Arid and semi-arid area s comprise about thirty percent of the total land area of the earth (Joana Rosado & Maria M. Morais, 8). While it was known that mainly deserts and semi-arid areas would bear the brunt of the dip in global water security, it was not anticipated that the impact would be this great (UNEP 66). The urban centres fare relatively well in arid regions; it is the rural areas that are hit the hardest. Often availability of safe drinking water becomes a problem in rural areas because the water supply in these areas is heavily dependent upon natural availability of fresh water unlike urban centres which have public water supply mechanisms (Hauschild & Doll). Thankfully late advancement in technology has provided for effective management of fresh water supply in arid regions, diminishing dependence on natural sources by employing various water management practices such as water reuse, rainwater harvesting, enhanced groundwater recharge and inter-basin transferring etc. 3. Inter-basin Transfer T he practice of forced flow of water from one basin to another is at least a century old. It has often been done for political reasons but now there is impetus for transferring water for civic purposes. The impetus is recent development of cheap methods of moving the water. This way inland water from a region of high availability can be moved to a region of shortage. The viability of this method has been proven by its use in long-distance schemes in different areas, most notably in the recently constructed Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna system

Application statement for MSc Marketing Personal

Application for MSc Marketing - Personal Statement Example Some courses that I have taken from the course modules are social psychology, research and data analysis, clinical psychology, personal financial planning, financial accounting, among others. I worked as a research assistant in a cultural and family laboratory where part of my responsibilities include interviewing children and conducting cognitive tasks. Further, I had previous work experience as an intern at a law firm last summer in London, where I had the privilege of visiting courts, prisons, and drafting legal documents, to name a few. It is during these work experiences that I realized the relevance of marketing in the service oriented organizations – I remunerated that without people with marketing skills, the services offered would not be promoted, advertised, and relayed in strategic approaches to entice target customers into availing of these services, either in academic institutions or law firms. These provided the impetus for my realization of how dynamic marketing responsibilities are compared with other equally relevant organizational functions of accounting, finance, and administration.

Medieval Dance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Medieval Dance - Research Paper Example Among the most important aspect for which dance is involved include entertainment, celebrations and worship (MacGee, 26). Therefore, Medieval Dance is an important concept of art to study, since it helps in creating an understanding of the ancient history, citing the particular cultural events and functions that were deemed important by the medieval societies. The study of Medieval Dance also helps us to trace the history of the happy moments that man has had, with a special emphasis on how the concept of celebration has changed over time. Another thing that makes this topic interesting is the fact that, dance has influenced other genres of art such as music, because any dance has to be done alongside a musical play, either vocal or instrumental (Highwater, 2). Thus, dance influences how such musical elements are formulated, if they have to suit the context and purpose of any dance. Cultural Context Medieval Dance was not a popular form of art in the middle ages, with paintings and o ther forms of artwork such as illuminations taking center stage (Mullally, 62). Dance was not considered as an important concept of art which could grow and develop to depict any cultural or social relevance. Therefore, dance did not feature any form of special documentation, until in 1450 and the periods after (MacGee, 30). The first formal recording regarding dance started in Italy, before spreading to the rest of Europe, where this form of art eventually gained some cultural significance. Thus, substantial dance recording in literary context did not occur until the renaissance period. Substantive description of dance was first done by an Italian, Giovanni Boccaccio in the 14th century, who presented literary texts with men and women involved in some form of dancing, accompanied by another group of musicians (Highwater, 7). This marked the first description of substantive dance as a form of art. From then on, many other artists and writers were involved in recording dance in liter ary contexts, though varying the form of descriptions that they gave, since they were influenced by their cultural and social contexts. After the first recording of dance and its description, it was adopted as an element of art, and it spread to other parts of Europe. In England, the first form of popular dance, the Carol dance was described in the book, â€Å"In a life of Saint Dunstan,† where a description was given on how Saint Dunstan went into a church and found maidens singing a hymn, while moving in round circles as they danced to the tunes of the hymn (Mullally, 51). This set the stage for more recognition and consideration of dance as a form of art that has a cultural impact on the society. Analysis Medieval Dance occurred majorly in two categories; the court and the country dance. Among these forms of dance, the Carole dance is considered most popular of the earliest dances, which has formed the basis of the present day Christmas carols. This category of dance was d eveloped from the church hymnal presentations, which involved dancing while moving in circle, chains or processions (MacGee, 43). As opposed to other form of dances which can be categorized as either court or country, carol dance fits in the settings of both categories, making it the most popular dance that was

McDaid Development (Ireland) Limited Assignment - 1

McDaid Development (Ireland) Limited - Assignment Example The company shall exist in its own capacity so that it can do business, carry out activities, suffer losses, enjoy profits, hire and fire employees and pay the taxes. All these procedures are done under the company’s capacity and no owner, member or shareholder is liable for those activities. The law has recognized the company as a distinct legal entity because it gives the owners the capacity to enjoy limited liability and the risk for their investment in shares and stock. This principle allows the company to be treated individually, not as a person or machine. The company cannot operate itself and so a group of experts is needed to manage the activities under the policies and rules ethically and responsibly. This concept has its roots in the UK House of Lord case of Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd. Salomon v Salomon & Co Ltd was a case of 1897. Salomon was a sole proprietor who sold his business to a corporation. He was the main shareholder of that company. However, the company’s debts increased and it eventually had to be liquidated. When the case went to the High Court, it was held that Salomon created the corporation solely in order to transfer his individual business to it. This was the prima face and according to this, Salomon and the company were one entity. The company was the agent of Salomon and he was liable for the debts to the unsecured creditors. The House of Lords overturned this decision and held that Salomon and the company were separate entities and he personally did not owe any of the creditors. Since the company had its legal personality, the debts belonged to the company alone. This concept applied to McDaid Development (Ireland) Ltd as the company was a limited liability company. It had one director, one secretary, and one shareholder. The owner and director could enjoy limited liability as the company had its own property and debts. The chapter 2 of part 10 in the Company Act 2006

MENU COMPARISON ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MENU COMPARISON ASSIGNMENT - Essay Example The food items that may be conventionally prepared are seafood, entrà ©e foods, salads, soup, vegetarian meals, pasta, pizzas, sandwiches, and specialties. The food items that may be convenience are appetizers and risottos because they are mostly ordered as per the customers’ requests as additional accompaniments to the main course meals. The Villa Blanca Restaurant is a tad more expensive than the Quartino Restaurant. For instance, the cheapest salad at Villa Blanca is the char-grilled chicken salad at 15 dollars while the most expensive salad at Quartino is the Tuscan kale salad at only 9 dollars. The purchasing system of chicken is 4.5 dollars per pound at the store, which is more expensive than kale at 2 dollars at the groceries in market value, which creates the cost difference. Similarly, the most expensive pasta meal at Quartino is the linguine with clams at 12.50 dollars. The ingredients include clams with pinot grigio wine, red chili, and extra virgin olive oil, with red or white sauce. The most costly pasta meal at Villa Blanca is the penne and tiger prawns at 24 dollars. The ingredients are tiger prawns with peppery tomatoes, basil, garlic, and ground red pepper. The linguine costs 24 dollars per 12-ounce packet and clams cost 5.99 dollars per pound, while the penne costs 12 dollars per 16-ounce packet and tiger prawns costs 14 dollars per 500g packet, hence the differing contribution margins of prices from the two

List and Discuss some key values and practices you consider vital to Essay

List and Discuss some key values and practices you consider vital to enhancing citizen's participation in creating sustainable a - Essay Example Personal commitment & practices No environmental protection activity would taste success unless it gets public attention and cooperation. Since people are responsible for majority of the environmental destruction activities, educating the public about the necessities of environmental protection and sustainable development is a must. A slight change in the public behaviour can bring dividends in protecting the environment. For example, billions of plastic carry bags have been used daily by the people all over the world while they conduct shopping. Plastic is the number one villain in destroying environment since it is not a biodegradable material. Instead of using plastic carry bags for shopping, if public started to use paper carry bags or other environmental friendly carry bags, the use of plastic can be reduced considerably. Each person should make a conscious effort to reduce his plastic consumption as much as possible so that the environment will be benefitted immensely. In short , individuals can contribute heavily to the environmental protection activities by avoiding plastic material. ... So, farmers should try to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers as much as possible and they should use bio fertilizers as much as possible even if the yields are slightly less. Participating governmental bodies Environmental impacts cannot be confined to the political boundaries of nation states. Pollutants from one country often travel to others, activities within a country can affect the environment of another, and the depletion of the ozone layer or changes in climate due to the release of green house gases affect us all(Singh and Singh, 2006, p.9). Participation of the governmental bodies is important for the success of environmental protection activities. Since individuals have limitations in controlling the group activities, the intervention of governmental bodies is necessary to execute the environmental protection laws in a society. For example, it is difficult for an individual to check or control the emission of greenhouse gases from vehicles. Only the governmental agenci es can check the smokes coming out from the vehicles and ask the drivers or vehicle owners to do the needful. Governmental bodies can play a vital role in reducing the usage of plastic materials. As mentioned earlier, governmental bodies can ask the retailers to provide only environmental friendly carry bags to the shoppers. Consumers or shoppers have limitations in compelling or insisting the shop owners to provide paper bags or other bags manufactured from environmental friendly materials. â€Å"In most countries there are laws that regulate point pollution from specific sources, and making emission statistics public. This practice would not only

Apple Company Essay Example for Free

Apple Company Essay As we did the research for Apple Company, we could found out that Apple Company is well developed in a way of their products and services towards the users. Apple had innovated their products and taking the lead of the other company like Nokia, Sony Ericsson, LG and so on by its own touch screen hand phone technology selling on market to be one of the most influential in the share market of the nationwide. As to be seen, Apple focuses its strength on building up their branding power and penetrates this power into the community of wide public. Sales of its notebooks products are very strong, and represent a huge contribution to income for Apple. Other than that, to be mentioning Apple’s weaknesses it would be the faulty screen from the Ipod Nano and its faulty batteries, ever since Apple is about to switch their chip supplier from IBM to Intel, the industry specialist would say that it might confuse the consumer. While about the opportunity contains within the Apple, they would develop ITunes and music player technology into a phone format, is to be say as the new technologies and strategic alliances offer opportunities for Apple. This work done by comparing the Apple and Microsoft of their features and specification, the complete user experience that they providing to the users from whole wide world and stacking up to against other operating system such as Linux. The Apple has fulfill the criteria of what Sun Zi had said the advantages of arriving the battlefield first will have sufficient time to prepare for the enemies.

Narrative Conventions Of Formal Realism English Literature Essay

Narrative Conventions Of Formal Realism English Literature Essay So they forgot her like an unpleasant dream during a troubled sleep. Occasionally the rustle of a skirt hushes when they wake and the knuckles brushing a cheek in sleep seem to belong to the sleeper. Sometimes the photographs of a close friend or relative- looked at too long, shifts and sometimes more familiar than the dear face itself moves there. They can touch it if they like, but they dont, because they know things will never be the same if they do. He had a strange sense of being haunted, a feeling that the shades of his imagination were stepping out into the real world, that destiny was acquiring the slow, fatal logic of a dream. Now I know what a ghost is he thought, Unfinished business, thats what. Since the last decades of the Twentieth century many African American writers have set out to revise the slave narratives of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and to reaffirm both their historical and historiographical significance. For many writers, reclaiming an identity or narrative voice is vital and functions as a means of countering centuries of dispossession and misrepresentation. For Toni Morrison, interpretation represents an integral part of black cultural and social identity  [1]  and her novel Beloved, as Henry Louis Gates argues, invents and articulates a language that gives voice to the unspeakable horror and terror of the black past  [2]  . The novel is an allegorical representation of this unspeakability; Everybody knew what she was called but nobody knew her name. Disremembered and unaccounted for, she cannot be found because no one is looking for her  [3]  . Morrison in Beloved weaves her narrative around the complex history of slavery, its unrelenting brutality and the devastating cruelty it inflicted on African Americans. Critic Caroline Rudy suggests Beloved is a unique historical writing; historiographic intervention, a strategic re-centring of American history in the lives of the historically disposed  [4]  . Morrison sets out to re-write traditional historical narrative from the standpoint of those dispossessed and challenges the notion of what it is to be American. To reclaim a voice denied by imperialism and racism and to forge a literary discourse that transforms notions of blackness, Morrison rewrites and revises the conventions of genres. In Beloved Morrison revises three genres, those of the slave narrative, historical novel and the gothic novel. Critics such as Peter J Capuano in Truth and Timbre and Rafael Perez Torres in Knitting and Knotting the Narrative Thread have, as Heinert argues, the capacity to explain how Beloved responds to and rewrites the slave narrative tradition in American literature, for which Beloved is often categorized a neo slave narrative  [5]  . Ashraf Rushdy in Daughters Signifying History and Kathleen Brogan in Cultural Haunting, have argued effectively that Morrison by revising the case of Margret Garner or conducting, as Morrison herself suggests, literary archaeology  [6]  , creates a narrative for the real- life fugitive Seth. In doing so Morrison faces the challenge of transforming Seths Rememories of a brutal past into a discourse shaped by her own narrativity. Morrisons revivication of the dead and her summoning of Seths dead daughter are all, as Timothy Spaulding suggests in Reforming the Past, conventions of the Gothic novel  [7]  . Morrisons revisions of these genres are multifaceted and have a fundamental purpose: a rejection of conventional realism. Morrison shifts from one genre to another to account for the absences left by previous literary forms, or as Ritashona Simpson argues, to create a suitable receptacle of language which transforms and releases the slaves word  [8]  . Rewriting truth and narrating the gaps in history left by conventional realism is Morrisons way of narrating, Unspeakable things unspoken  [9]  . The crossing of genres, styles, and narrative perspectives within the text suggests it filters the absent or marginalised oral discourse of a, pre-capitalist black community through the self-conscious discourse of the contemporary novel  [10]  . In revising earlier literary traditions, dominated by the logic and values of the dominant culture, Morrison as Heinert argues, Disrupts formal realism  [11]  . Morrisons revisions of earlier slave narratives and history clearly expose the absence of the black voice within the context of formal realism. In Beloved, gothic elements reveal the collusion between a Western scientific world view and slavery; and according to Truffin, uncovers distortions in the lens through which the rational discourse views the world, indicating the features of life and the lives of others for which Western empiricism fails to account  [12]  . While earlier slave narratives sought to speak directly to a white readership and elucidate the brutality of slavery, Beloved, as Bloom has argued, exposes the unsaid, the psychic subtexts that lie both within and beneath the historical facts  [13]  . In interviews Morrison has remarked that, the documentary realism of the slave narratives imposed complete silence about those excessive proceedings of slavery too terrible to relate  [14]  . These silences are re-membered and rewritten by the main protagonists and the readers, like Ella, listened for the holes, things the fugitives did not say, the questions they did not ask  [15]  . To quote Carl Plasa, if Beloved is a story about a ghost it is a story which itself has a ghostly status or existence, hauntingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the gaps and silences of the tradition on which it draws, seeking release. To articulate black Identity and construct a literary discourse which lifts the veil of silence, writers such as Morrison imbue their texts with fantastic or non-mimetic ruses to create a contradictory narrative form. However, Morrison discredits the labels, fearing they suggest a breach with truth, and her single gravest responsibility (in spite of that magic) is not to lie  [16]  . However, in essence, postmodern slave narratives implement elements of the fantastic not as a way of undermining their narrative authority but as a means of establishing it. The text revises gothic elements into a device for exposing the junctures between slavery and science, and for delegitimizing western logic as it controls slavery. According to Goldner, As hauntings carry the perspectives and powers of slaves, gothic representations of slavery in the texts disrupt the Galilean project in the service of the enslaved. As hauntings position the dead amid the living and the past amid the present, they defy the concept of linear time, the bedrock of cause and effect that enables prediction. They thus defy the Western dream of control  [17]  . Gothic haunts elucidate what is invisible to the dominant culture and within the text haunts and gothic devices also confront the Euclidean conception  [18]  of the world as a uniform space, challenging western notions of linear time, juxtaposing past and present. Haunts and Gothic elements permeate the absences, central to history with the suffering of slaves, arraigning the atmosphere with emotive, ethical, and political forces which the endeavour of science claims to dis-credit, and the project of slavery seek to ignore. Harpham also argues; The haunts of Gothicism break through the boundaries of the dominant cultures paradigms and identities signalling potential political crisis  [19]  . Morrison, like Chestnutt in The Conjure Woman, subverts the claims of science, infusing them with gothic hauntings, whose vocal cadences carry African American oral culture and express the pain of slaves  [20]  . Gothic hauntings act as the vehicle through which the suppressed returns and Linda Krumholz in The Ghosts of Slavery shows how Morrison has integrated the conventions of the gothic novel by using African cosmology to manifest the dead child, Beloved. The haunts convey all that a scientific and imperialist discourse seeks to dominate, including feelings, and more specifically, the feelings of the oppressed. While the gothic signifies a disruption not to conventional realism Morrison extends this disruption to the cultural logic and ideology of the dominant culture. Whereas a scientific discourse would consider the haunting of Seths house as illogical, Beloved categorizes the gothic as reality. The ghost seems logical to Seth and the other characters that understood the source of the outrage as well as knew the source of light  [21]  . When Paul D is confronted by the poltergeist, Seth simply explains that the spirit haunting the house is, her daughter  [22]  . The ghost is als o visible to Denver who, kneels in a white dress beside her mother  [23]  . The heartrenching tale of Baby Suggs lost children explains why haunting seemed normal. Four taken, four chased, and all, I expect, worrying somebodys house into evil  [24]  . Such is the acceptance of the supernatural as reality that Baby Suggs believes there is not a house in the country aint packed to its rafters with some dead Negroes grief  [25]  . Goldner argues that, until its final pages, every African American character accepts the haunt as true.  [26]  Rather than seeing Beloved as any kind of ghostly contrivance, the novel also delineates the gothic as a reality when it gives its ghost a body with inimitable physical powers: Beloved simultaneously embraces and chokes Seth; she seduces and manipulates Paul D, and in the end takes the shape of, a pregnant women naked and smiling in the heat of the afternoon sun  [27]  . Once Beloved appears on Seths doorstep, the gothic becomes a n embodied reality, and also grows in scope, invading the confines of 124 Bluestone Rd and the narrative itself. As Morrison revives the gothic conventions of ghosts she stretches the convention of the gothic novel to breaking point. No longer ethereal, Beloved is made real, as real as the existence of slavery and its experiences once were  [28]  . Some critics have maintained that the novel merges white and black literary ethnicities, including components of European American female Gothic tradition in its reading of the slave narratives. In one sense, it is possible to make a connection. Kate Ferguson Ellis account of the characteristic Gothic novel with houses in which people are locked in and locked out,  [29]  and preoccupation with violence done to familial bonds that is frequently directed against women  [30]  , does seem applicable to Beloved. Pamela Barnett in Figurations of Rape and the Supernatural in Beloved takes an opposing view, arguing that Beloved is more than a supernatural embodiment, she is a menacing hybrid of European American and African American cultural traditions  [31]  , a succubus, a vampire, and a female demon, nourishing itself through (literally and metaphorically) draining Seths strength. The spectre, or the ghost, represents this American Jeremiad of the minority. Spectre, as Derrida defines it in Spectres of Marx, is something that remains difficult to name  [32]  . Toni Morrison in her novel, Beloved, attempts to name the unnameable by confronting a brutal past. This space can be valuable, a means by which to re-inscribe spaces of oppression as sites of subversion and resistance. Beloved is finally set apart from the distinctive form of a ghost story in that Morrison, as Edwardss points out, provides no corner from which to smile skeptically at the thrills were enjoying  [33]  . The thrills of myth and magic are embedded in real horror and terror. The illusory elements cannot, in the end, be said to be merely narrative ploys, creating tension or suspense or guiding the reader further into a magical, mythical world. Rather than merely pervading a world of fantasy and myth, the reader is forced to confront the horrifically real, the unspeakable reality of sla very. Morrison, in her own words, blends the acceptance of the supernatural and a profound rootedness in the real world at the same time  [34]  . This configuration of the supernatural can be demonstrated by Barbara Christians argument that Morrison, in configuring Beloved as an embodied spirit, a spirit that presents itself as a body  [35]  , purposely distances her novel from the perspective of Gothic tradition, and instead places it in relation to, the African traditional religious belief that Westerners call ancestor worship  [36]  . Barbara Christians argument underlines the cynicism of the very idea of something called supernaturalism. Magic can be supernatural and natural and the supernatural can extend beyond notions of magic. This concept of superstition and magic is for Morrison, just another way of knowing things, an alternate epistemology discredited only because those who contribute have themselves been similarly disavowed historically. As Toni Morrison argues the discredited knowledge that Black people had was discredited only because Black people were discredited  [37]   Considering the dichotomy between fact and fiction Morrisons work might, she admits, fall into, the realm of fiction called fantastic or mythic or magical or unbelievable  [38]  in the minds of some. Her use of the supernatural or gothic origins can also be seen as emphasising the reality of her subject. The boundary between what is true and what is not is decisively distorted as Morrison says, the crucial distinction  [39]  for her is not that between fact and fiction, but between fact and truth because, facts can exist without human intelligence, but truth cannot  [40]  . While narrative truth is a construct, and, the burden of constructing it belongs to its readers  [41]  , Beloved constructs a literary discourse that alters as Perez Torres states, Western notions of blackness  [42]  . Morrison transforms absence into a powerful presence and in doing so helps readers reconsider the past as a way of re-evaluating its history, class and conventions whilst seeking the truth. While the formality of conventional realism alters the way in which slavery and its facets are (dis)remembered in the canon of American Literary discourse, Beloved emerges as an alternative, a counter-narrative to the racist representation of slavery. Beloved disrupts generic conventions to expose how conventional realism cannot account for race, and calls for readers to respond  [43]  . Without special privilege going to any single form of storytelling, and through an authenticity based on inclusiveness, the many voices within the text contribute to, and give voice to, those formerly excluded from history. C:Documents and SettingsJoannaMy Documentsfirst chapter for beloved_filesspacer.gif

Diketo Analogues and Their Significance

Diketo Analogues and Their Significance INTRODUCTION Medicinal chemistry is the branch of science, which has remarkable value for synthesis of novel drugs with intense therapeutic activity. It concerns with discovery, development, identification and interpretation of mode of action of biologically active compounds at molecular level. The molecular biological revolution and progressive mapping of human ‘genome’ have created a new biochemical and biostructural ‘world order.’1 These developments have provided new challenges and opportunities for drug research in general and drug design in particular. Pure organic compounds, natural or synthetic products are the chief source of agents for the cure, the mitigation or the prevention of disease today. The major objectives of the medicinal chemists are transformation of pathobiochemical and physiological data into a ‘chemical language’ with the aim of designing molecules interacting specifically with the derailed or degenerating processes in the diseased organisms. The development of chemotherapy during past 60 years constitute one of most important therapeutic advances in history of medicine and antimicrobial drugs are the greatest contribution of present century to therapeutics2. Potential therapeutic targets are being disclosed with increasing frequency and the exponential growth will continue during the next decades. In this situation there is a need for rapid and effective target validation and for accelerated lead discovery procedures. Organic chemists are increasingly directing their attention towards synthetic aspects of biomolecules and biologically active compounds, biosynthesized by plants and animals. Many important biochemical compounds and drugs of natural origin contain heterocyclic ring structures. Many of them are employed in treatment of many infectious diseases due to their specific activity, but their use in treatment is attributed to their inherent toxicity to various pathogens. DIKETO ANALOGUES AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Antibacterial The quinolones3 are well known synthetic antibacterial agents with di keto moiety some examples are Ciprofloxacin (1) Norfloxacin (2). Boteva4 et al synthesized some Halogen Substituted 4,5-dibenzoyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrole-2,3-dione derivatives (2-6) evaluated for Antibacterial Activity. Anti HIV The first report of a class of compounds that inhibit HIV integrase appeared in 1992. Aurin tricarboxylic acids and derivatives were determined to inhibit 3’ processing of viral cDNA with moderate iC50 values of 10-50micromolar. Thus the 1st pharmacophore with integrase inhibitory activity was determined i.e. aromatic rings with multiple hydroxyl substituents positioned on same ring or present close together in a 3D space if rings stack on top of each other. Since then considerable amount of work has been carried out in developing potential inhibitors of integrase taking the above compounds as leads. Presently there is only one FDA approved drug used as integrase inhibitor i.e. Raltegravir or Isentress, (7) approved in 2007. Elvitegravir (8) is another potential integrase inhibitor which is in phase III clinical trial5. THIOPHENE ANALOGS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE Thiophene (9) and its derivatives are an important class of heterocyclic compounds possessing broad biological activities, such as anti-inflammatory6, analgesic6, antioxidant7, antitubercular8, antidepressant9, sedative9, antiamoebic10, oral analgesic11, antimetabolite12, and antineoplastic properties13. Antimicrobials Thiophene analogues have been known as antibacterials. In the year 2007 Stephane et al14 reported the synthesis and antibacterial activity of arylbenzothiophenes (10) and diarylthiophenes. (11) (10) (11) In the year 2010 Kavitha P N et al15 reported the antimicrobial activity of 3- amino-2- mercapto-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobenzo(b)thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-ones (12-17) by using B. subtilus, K. pneumonia and A. niger. Desai Akshay et al16 reported the synthesis of 2-thiophene-2- ethylthioureido-4- morpholino-6-(aryl) ureido-s-triazines.(18-23) These analogs were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity using S. typhi, C. albicans. Bhuiyan Md. Mosharef Hossain et al17 reported synthesis of 4-hydrazino-2- mehylthio-5-ethyl-6- methylthieno [2,3-d] pyrimidine (24) which is evaluated as antimicrobial agent by using B.cereus, V.cholerae, A.alternate. (24) Shiradkar M. et al18 reported synthesis of N-[3-(substituted)-7H- [1,2,4] triazolo [3,4-b] [1,3,4] thiadiazine / thiadiazol-4,5,6,7- tetrahydrobenzo[b] thiophenes (25-32) as good antimicrobial agents by using E.coli, S.aureus, A.nigar. Ahmed M. M. et al19 reported synthesis of 4-(substituted)-7-cyano- 6-phenyl aminothieno [3,2-d] pyrimidins (33-34) and evaluated as good antimicrobial agents by using B.subtilis and St.aureus, compared with reference drug Amoxicillin. The 6-methyl-2-phenyl-3-(substituted)-3H-thieno[3,2-d] pyrimidin-4-ones (35-38) has been reported by Chander Mohan et al20 and evaluated for antimicrobial activity by using B. subtilis, E.coli, P.aeruginosa compared with standard drug Ciprofloxacin. Bhuiyan Md. Mosharef Hossain et al21 reported synthesis of thieno[3,2-e] imidazo[1,2-c] pyrimidin-2(3H)ones (39) which was evaluated for antimicrobial activity against B. cereus, S.typhi and A.alternatacompare to reference drugs Ampicillin with Nystatin. (39) Shetty Nitin kumar et al22 reported synthesis of 8,9,10,11-tetrahydro[1]benzothieno[3,2-e] [1,2,4]triazolo [1,5- c]pyrimidine -8-ones (40-42) and evaluated for antibacterial activity against B. subtilis comparable to ampicilin. References : Larsen PK, Liljefors T, Madsen U, editors. Text book of drug design and discovery. 3rd ed. London: Taylor Francis; 2002. Rang HP, Dale MM, Ritter JM Pharmacology, 4th edition Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1999: 648 Wilson Gisvold, Textbook of Organic Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, 10th edition, Lippincott publication Philadelpia 196-203. A.A Boteva, O. P. Krasnykh, S.S.Dubrovina, M. I. Vakhrin, E.B. Babushkina, T.F. Odegova, I.V. Solova, Pharm Chem J , 2008, 42 (8), 12-15. Vincenzo Summa AlessiaPetrocchi, Fabio Bonelli, BenedettaCrescenzi, Monica Donghi, Marco Ferrara, Fabrizio Fiore, Cristina Gardelli, Odalys Gonzalez Paz, Daria J. Hazuda, Philip Jones, Olaf Kinzel, Ralph Laufer, Edith Monteagudo, Ester Muraglia, EmanuelaNizi, Federica Orvieto, Paola Pace, Giovanna Pescatore, Rita Scarpelli, Kara Stillmock, Marc V. Witmer, and Michael Rowley, J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 5843–5855. F.M. Moghaddam, H.Z. Boinee, An efficient and facile one-step synthesis of highly substituted thiophenes, Tetrahedron 60 (2004) 6085-6089. K.I. Molvi, M. Mansuri, V. Sudarsanam, et al., Synthesis, anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antioxidant activities of some tetrasubstituted thiophenes, J. Enzyme. Inhib. Med. Chem. 23 (2008) 829-838. M.K. Parai, G. Panda, V. Chaturvedi, Y.K. Manju, S. Sinha, Thiophene containing triarylmethanes as antitubercular agents, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Let. 18 (2008) 289-292. W. Wardakhan, O. Abdel-Salam, G. Elmegeed, Screening for antidepressant, sedative and analgesic activities of novel fused thiophene derivatives, Acta. Pharm. 58 (2008) 1-14. S. Sharma, F. Athar, M.R. Maurya, A. Azam, Copper(II) complexes with substituted thiosemicarbazones of thiophene-2-carboxaldehyde: synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity against E. histolytica, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 40 (2005) 1414-1419. O. F. William, Principles of Medicinal Chemistry, 3rd. ed., Lippincott Williams Wilkins Publication, Philadelphia, 1989. A.A. Sagardoy, M. J. Gil, R. Villar, et al., Benzo[b]thiophene-6-carboxamide 1,1-dioxides: Inhibitors of human cancer cell growth at nanomolar concentrations, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 18 (2010) 5701-5707. A.A. Fadda, E. Abdel-Latif, R.E. El-Mekawy, Synthesis and molluscicidal activity of some new thiophene, thiadiazole and pyrazole derivatives, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 44 (2009) 1250-1256. Jeremie Fournier dit Chabert, Beatrice Marquez, Luc Neville, Lionel Joucla, Sylvie Broussous, Pascale Bouhours, Emilie David, Stephane Pellet Rostaing, Bernard Marquet,a Nicole Moreaub and Marc Lemairea, Synthesis and evaluation of new arylbenzo[b]thiophene and diarylthiophene derivatives as inhibitors of the NorA multidrug transporter of Staphylococcus aureus, Bioorganic Medicinal Chemistry 15 (2007) 4482–4497. Kavitha PN, Vijayanthimala P, Saravanan J, Mohan S. Research Journal of Pharma- ceutical, Biological and Chemical Sciences, 2010; 1(2):124-130. Desai A, Mahajan HD, Ind Jour Chem, 2007; 46(B):1169-1173. Ahmed MM, Farha FM; Jordan Journal of Chem, 2008; 3(3):223-232. Shiradker M, Kale R. Ind Jour Chem, 2006; 46(B):1009-1013. Ahmed MM, Farha FM; Jordan Journal of Chem, 2008; 3(3):223-232. Mohan C, Bhargava G, Bedi PMS. J Life Sci, 2009; 1(2):97-101. Bhuiyan MH, Rahman KM. Acta Pharm., 2006; 56: 441-450. Nitinkumar SS, Lamani RS, Khazi IAM. Journal of Chem Sci, 2009; 121(3):301-307.

How To Write Using the APA Writing Style Essay -- APA Writing Style

The APA writing style is most commonly used to cite sources for psychology, education, and social sciences and is also the official writing style of the American Psychological Association. The General APA Organizational Guidelines are basic guidelines that explain how to write a research paper in the APA format. These guidelines ensure clear and consistent presentation of written material that differentiates from other writing styles because it concerns elements such as: Citations, punctuation, presentation of numbers, etc There are four major sections in an APA paper. They consist of the title page, abstract, main body, and references. The title page of an APA paper has recently been changed in the publication of the sixth edition of the APA Publication Manual. In the title page a writer should include the title of the paper, the writer’s name, and the school affiliation. It is suggested that the title should be no more than 12 words, and when writing ones name, not to include titles or degree info such as Dr. or Ph.D. Also the title page should include, at the top of the page, a running head that is flush left and a page number that is flush right. The abstract, one of the four major sections in an APA paper, is the section where one would summarize research that was conducted, the methods of which the thesis was tested, the findings of the research, the purpose of the research, the analysis of data, and conclusions. It should begin on a new page and already include the page header. â€Å"Abstract† should be centered on the first line of the abstract page with no bold, italics, underlining, or quotation marks. The abstract should be double-spaced and a single paragraph around 150 to 250 words. Keywords may be listed to h... ...ieved June 18, 2011, from http://psychology.vanguard.edu/faculty/douglas-degelman/apa-style/ Driscoll, D. (2010, April 21). Purdue OWL: Writing in Psychology: Experimental Report Writing . Welcome to the Purdue University Online Writing Lab (OWL). Retrieved June 22, 2011, from http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/670/03/ Johns, J., Fox, T., & Silvia, R. (n.d.). APA Writing Style. DK Schools. Retrieved June 26, 2011, from dkschools1.org/Documents/apa%5B1%5D.pdf Mongan-Rallis, H. (2006, November 17). Guidelines for writing a literature review . University of Minnesota Duluth Welcomes You. Retrieved June 22, 2011, from http://www.duluth.umn.edu/~hrallis/guides/researching/litreview.html What is APA Style?. (n.d.). APA Style. Retrieved June 18, 2011, from http://www.apastyle.org/learn/faqs/what-is-apa-style.aspx?apaSessionKey=9E1D0F5CFDDB1694AFB05C302651AD48

The Case Against Standardized Tests Essay -- Standardized Testing Essa

Standardized testing assesses students, teachers, and the school itself, which puts a great deal of pressure on the students. High scores show that the school is effective in teaching students, while low test scores make teachers and schools look as though they are not teaching the students properly. This is not always the case. There are teachers who do teach students what they need to know to pass the test, but their students are still unprepared. Although teachers try to improve instruction, student performance is still variable to other factors that the school cannot control. Standardized tests cover certain material, which gives teachers something specific to teach. This is helpful, in that it allows teachers to know exactly what to teach. It also sets up a goal for the teachers, which is to get the students to pass. However, this process leaves something to be desired. Because the test is so important to the future of the students, teachers, and school, helping students to pass test becomes the most important part of their schooling. This restricts the educators from teaching students about things that are more important. College is usually next step for students after high school so it would seem logical that high school prepares them for college, but teachers are so busy preparing students for the test that they are not preparing them for the future. Consequently, students arrive at college ill-prepared, with shallow educations (Gitlin). For some students, the time they have in the classroom is not enough for them to grasp the topic. While teachers usually offer a period for students to see them for extra help, some students do not have time for this. Most students have commitments outside of the classroom, such as m... ... the student’s full knowledge of the subject. Many standardized test leave out material that students spent months learning, making the time they spent on this material a total waste (Worthen). Works Cited Evans, Donia. "The Case Against Standardized Tests." The Meridian Star. 24 Nov. 2013. The Meridian Star. 01 Dec. 2013 . Gitlin, Todd. â€Å"TheLiberal Arts in an Age of Info-Glut.† The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, and Rhetoric. Ed. Shea, Renee H., Lawrence Scanlonn, and Robin Dissin Aufses. Boston: Bedford, 2008. 155-157. Print. Worthen, Blaine R., and Vicki Spandel. "Putting the Standardized Testing Debate in Perspective." Educational Leadership Feb. 1991: 65-69. ASCD. 1 Dec. 2013 .

A Teenager Today Essay

Advantages you might have with being a teenager is that you get your freedom. When you turn sixteen you get your drivers license which could always mean one thing, MORE FREEDOM! What I like about being a teen is the fact that you start high school and you may be the top dog according to elementary school and middle school kids. When becoming a freshman an already being in high school is that there are many clubs, groups, and sports that the regular and physically fit, student body can be apart of. When in high school you could do dance, cheerleading, baseball, ect., clubs, and maybe even JROTC which involves being physically fit to partake in this course. Also the four academic courses that you get a another chance at becoming a better student in knowledge as well as the fine arts credits that you can choose from in the registration form for high school that you get when becoming a freshman. The disadvantages of becoming a teen is the puberty stage of life. Hitting puberty means your body is changing to make you a better looking and acting teen. the other disadvantages that teens may come in contact with is the wrong group that may lead you into doing things that aren’t right. With being in the wrong group can lead to unwanted casualties that are easier to take on when you are a full adult. Being a teen sometimes leads to peer pressure when you are in a bad situation that can be avoided. Some disadvantages to becoming a teen may be driving without the right precautions in mind. Advice to other teens about becoming a teen are that you find the right group or clique to be with for your teenage years. You need to be careful with what you do because if you have parents that are over protective or just really care about your safety, make sure you don’t do anything that might get you into trouble. You need to make sure that if you are being pressured with anything just walk away or tell an adult about what is going on.Don’t go to parties and drink so much that you end up drinking and driving. If you are driving under the influence make sure that you call your parents to come get you even though you might be scared of the outcome. You also need to keep in mind that you may be pressured into trying things that are illegal, so make sure that you also say no to drugs. Things you should say no to drugs, drinking, drinking and driving, sex, pregnancy, and any other unwanted casualties that teens are not ready to handle, even though you think you might be able to , say no!’

Dissertation: Employment and Workplace Design

[Impact of Workplace Design] Institute of Hotel Management Aurangabad The Impact of Workplace Design â€Å" A study of the Employee on the Job Performance in Taj Palace, Delhi† Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Submitted in fulfillment of the requirement of B. A (Hons) in Hotel Management University Of Huddersfeild United Kingdom March 2013 [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 1 [Impact of Workplace Design] Declaration I declare that this Dissertation is the result of my own individual efforts and that it confirms to university, departmental and course regulations regarding cheating and plagiarism.No material contained within this Dissertation has been used in any other submission, by the author, for an academic award. Varun Sahgal (H-18095) Third Year Hotel Management Course Institute of Hotel Management, Aurangabad Date: 19. 3. 2013 [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 2 [Impact of Workplace Design] Acknowledgement Every professional endeavor requires the hard work of many worthy minds and this work is no different. I would begin by thanking my Dissertation guide ‘Mr. Ananad Iyengar’, his patience and support, were instrumental in accomplishing this task.I thank my year tutor ‘Mr. Rakesh Katyayani’ and my dissertation coordinator ‘Mr. Saurabh Krishna’ for their amazing organizational skills that kept me focused on my work. Many of the arguments and facts mentioned in this work were sourced from books, journals, newspapers and websites. Though I have tried to acknowledge most of the sources to the best of my abilities, there were certain sources whose roots were not available making it absolutely impractical and difficult to provide accurate acknowledgement.Regardless of the source I would like to show my gratitude to these anonymous works as they may have contributed greatly towards my endeavor. Last but not the least I would like to thank my college ‘Institute of Hotel ManagementAurangabad’ for providing the necessary guidan ce and resources and I would also like to extend a vote of thanks to the ‘Summons’ online library of the ‘University of Huddersfield’. This work would have been incomplete without their academic support. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 3 [Impact of Workplace Design] Table of Contents 1. Introduction 1. Research Questions 1. 2 Subsidiary Questions 1. 3 Aim of the study 1. 4 Purpose of the study 1. 5 Limitation of the study 1. 6 Dissertation structure 6-8 8 8 8 9 9 9-10 2. Literature Review 2. 1 Introduction 2. 2 Ergonomics 2. 3 Workplace Motivation 2. 4 Supervisory support 2. 5 designing the new workplace 2. 6 Flexibility at workplace 2. 7 Health factors and wellness programs affecting on the job behavior 2. 8 The impact of technology on, on the job behavior 2. 9 Environmental concerns regarding workplace design 2. 10 Managing underperformance 2. 11The people involved 1 11-12 13-14 15 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 21-22 21-22 22-23 23 3. Research Methodology 3. 1App roach 3. 2Research Question 3. 3 Research design 24 24 24 24 4. Results and discussion 4. 1 Interview 4. 1. 1Mr, Avijit Sen, G. M. , Vesta Hotels, Jaipur 4. 1. 2 Mr. Akesh Bhatnagar, G. M. , Golkonda Hotel, Hyderabad 4. 2 Structured Questionnaire Analysis 25 25 25-27 28-30 30-40 [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 4 [Impact of Workplace Design] 5. Conclusion and recommendation 5. 1 Summary 5. 2 Major Findings 5. 3 Scope for future research 41 41 42 42 6. References 43 LIST OF TABLESFIGURE 1 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 31 FIGURE 2 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING MALE EMPLOYEES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 32 FIGURE 3 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING FEMALE EMPLOYEES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 33 FIGURE 4 COMPARITIVE STUDY OF ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING MALE AND FEMALE EMPLOYEE †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 34 FIGURE 5 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 18-25 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 35 FIGURE 6 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 26-35 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 6 FIGURE 7 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 36-45 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 37 FIGURE 8 ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING EMPLOYEES AGED 46-55 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 38 FIGURE 9 COMPARITIVE STUDY OF ATTRIBUTES AFFECTING ALL AGES †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 39 [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 5 [Impact of Workplace Design] Chapter 1 â€Å"All work is seed sown. It grows and spreads, and sows itself anew† Thomas Carlyle Abstract Workp lace design in the hospitality sector has become a very important phenomenon; people do not only wish to see a luxurious front of the house but also an amazing back office.Workplace does not only imply to external and architectural design, it also in its folds covers the topics like motivation, wellness, supervisory support, environmental concerns, learning and development etc. This project deals with understanding proper workplace design as a tool for improving on the job performance of an employee. The researcher plans to conduct a research on some of the employees working in the food and beverage department of Taj palace Delhi to understand which attribute of workplace affects them the most and till what extent.The project also involves semi structured interviews with professionals at high designation in the industry and what is their take on the importance of work environment as an overall change maker. The objective is to completely understand workplace modeling and how innovat ions in the same can make it better in the future. 1. Introduction In the changing world of today where luxury and fashion make up for eighty to ninety percent of emotional content in an individual, people look for fashionable and comfortable work places also.The researcher aims to study workplace attributes in the hospitality industry and its affect on, ‘on the job behaviour’ of the employees The researcher while working will adopt ‘contingency orientation’, he will aim to understand that organizational behaviour/on the job behaviour is complex and is driven by a lot of factors. No two employees are alike and different situations means different to each and every individual. Managers therefore must learn to adopt workplace policies that answer not only the grievances of few but provides solutions for the problems of the many. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 6 Impact of Workplace Design] The researcher aims to follow a three point approach while achieving obj ectives for the given topic. ? Identifying the causes of current behaviour through a questionnaire analysis on work and its attributes ? ? Sidelining strategies that would help mitigate current causes of disengagement Studying the impact of change implemented for the same Managing workplace and workforce in the twenty first century is all about embracing a change. In many ways the job of the workplace is to perform the same functions as it performed earlier which is to manage, motivate and influence employees.Current scenario is that, the workplace’s expectation from the employee is the same but the employee’s expectation from the workplace has changed drastically. The complex variety of social, personal, environmental, recreational and technological changes that have taken place recently makes the task of managing workforce and designing workplace even more challenging. Someone rightly quoted ‘Managing on the job behaviour today is like pushing water uphill usin g a rake’ (Anonymous, n. d. ). Time is short and stakes are high. Corporate are running a race to achieve perfect face value amidst their competition.Companies that manage their workforce well get higher returns on productivity. After all, a lot depends on the produce of a company. Recently many companies have focused their attention towards IT; they feel technology gives them an added advantage since it evolves rapidly. Managers forget that technology can only seldom provide an organization with a competitive advantage but in the end, it is the people that matter. Research has also shown that investment in IT workers pays greater dividends than investment in hardware or software.When employees quit they are not leaving their jobs, they are leaving their workplace. Therefore a great workplace atmosphere creates a better on the job performance thereby creating a cadre of the finest productive workers. Products can easily be aped but not the workplace on which the productivity and behaviour of the human resource depend so an organizations greatest competitive advantage is its own workplace and the behavior of its [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 7 [Impact of Workplace Design] employees in the workplace.Implementing methods for the improvement of a workplace should be the first and foremost decision of any company. This is why companies like CISCO, Harley Davidson and Merek are different they invest in manpower more than any other attribute. They understand the importance of work and workplace systems alike. One must know that implementing a straightforward management strategy is easy but what really counts is what the management does in difficult times when on the job behaviour is not good and there are high rates of employee attrition and abseintism. . 1 Research Question ? Is On the Job Behaviour influenced by workplace design? 1. 2 Subsidiary Questions ? ? Would a better on the job performance affect organizational productivity? Why have no strong laws in workplace design been implemented in the past twenty years? ? Will factors like goal setting, performance feedback, role congruity, defined processes, workplace incentive, supervisor support etc influence ‘On the job behavior’ of an employee? ? Have there been improvement trends in workplace design? 1. Aim of the study The aim is to analyze the effect of the Workplace attributes on the employees ‘On the job behavior’ by performing a structured research in the Food and Beverage department of Taj Palace Delhi. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 8 [Impact of Workplace Design] 1. 4 Purpose of the study Workplace and jobs have become a complex phenomenon in today’s times. Employees today have a large number of alternatives and selections at their disposal and hence workplace becomes a crucial factor for keeping or leaving the job.It is imperative that an Employees working environment is well kept and maintained because ultimately the workplace environment is what defines on the job behaviour and employee motivation. How well an employee adapts to his psychological, psycho motive, desire and health factors at his workplace will determine his workplace behaviour, productivity and errors. Through this research the researcher aims to prove the relation between workplace factors and on the job behaviour of the employee thereby being able to prove that workplace design factors definitely impacts on the job performance of an employee. . 5 Limitations and scope of the study: Broad research in this field would bring about data collection complications. The research only analyses the data collected from a few employees in the food and beverage department. The semi structured interviews will also not show the bigger picture as different people have different opinions about their own workplace, to some the workplace seems perfect to others it may require a lot of change.Although the study covers only a small department in one business unit of the h ospitality sector research on this subject in the near future on a macro level would provide managers with an all new level of understanding in employee motivation and workplace design. The research can be extended to hotels resorts or even company policies. 1. 6 Dissertation Structure: The 1st chapter, the Introduction essentially covers the topic of the research and a brief on its relevance to the industry today.The chapter summarizes the approach of the researcher and the hypothesis and other objectives. The chapter speaks of limitations and scope of this dissertation in the next decade. It also covers some of the questions that the researcher will analyze during the course of this project. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 9 [Impact of Workplace Design] The 2nd chapter, the literature review forms the basis of the dissertation. It carries a vivid description of each of the workplace attributes, their current scenario in the industry, prior research and the researcher valuable critiq ue.The literature review provides a structure to the dissertation and also helps to prepare a structure for the data analysis and research methodology. The Literature review also decides the scope for future research on the given topic. The 3rd Chapter, the research methodology deals with the steps the researcher has taken to obtain the desired data to conclude his hypothesis. It also gives a comparative understanding of how the researcher has composed the models for analysis and what was the approach.The 4th Chapter, the data analysis contains the conducted interviews and the analysis of the data collected from the employees in the form of a structured questionnaire, the chapter has the analysis of the data which proves the researchers hypothesis and also answers the subsidiary questions as given on the first chapter The 5th Chapter, conclusion and recommendation summarizes the dissertation and the results of the analysis. It has the critique of the researcher on the existing proce dures and how they can be changed in the near future to achieve outstanding results.The chapter also provides a valuable insight into how future research can be conducted for the same [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 10 [Impact of Workplace Design] Chapter 2 (Literature Review) â€Å"When people go to work, they shouldn't have to leave their hearts at home. † -Betty Bender 2. 1 Overview It has always been argued that distraction, lack of interest, poor decisions and high absence are the major causes of employee disengagement; but what organizations actually forget are that these factors might be just the symptoms; – the root cause may be very different (Slade, 2010).Recent scenarios also indicates that subtle productive changes in the workplace environment today actually reduce employee absenteeism and attrition, which in turn improves on the job performance thereby impacting productivity in a very positive way (Roeloefsen, 2002). Today it has been proven that employee sa tisfaction is directly proportional to job satisfaction, which is directly dependent on the working environment. Workplace factors are a major catalyst in productivity and on the job performance of an employee.In fact, research has focused on ergonomics or biomechanics because of workers’ demands for more comfort at the workplace (Wells, 2000). Theorists believe that everyone seeks a balance between what one puts into his work and what one expects to get out of it. Most of the time one tends to compare his own situations with that of other employees in the market place, before he actually decides to work with a particular organization (Adams, 1963). In the recent past the nature of employee and employer relations has actually been distorted because of the changes in job structures and way of living.There are a number of companies in the market and therefore not only employees but employers also need to focus on their conduct to make a mark in the business. Higher salaries and better perks may seem the most obvious way of increasing an employee’s on the job performance but this is influenced by other important factors that include work motivation, training and development opportunities, physical, psychological and psychomotive factors (Leblebici, 2012). [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 11 [Impact of Workplace Design]Maslow’s hierarchy of needs’ theory argued that the measure of anthropogenic attitudes to work was slowly and steadily being extended to workplace and work environment as well for understanding human psychology and motivating factors. The study involved synthesizing success stories of exemplary people like Einstein, Roosevelt, Douglas and Adams rather than studying the so called neurotic or mentally ill. The model involved looking at human psychology from scratch – basic needs like food, water, lifestyle, love etc. Going step higher, needs evolved to less basic ones like security, employment, morality, family etc.At f urther higher levels, needs were more exclusive and included a need for creativity, belonging, selfesteem, motivation and culture. It was realized that if all these factors were well taken care of in a workplace environment, they would boost the on job performance of the individual , which would reflect on the team thereby boosting productivity on a whole (Janet A Simons, n. d. ). McGregor’s theory on the contrary involved classifying workers as X or Y elements, where the X elements are idle, destructive and redundant and require motivation and training to bring them up to speed with work and business.Elements Y on the other hand, are selfmotivated workers flushed with creativity, who actually make up the strong pillars of the business and require less support as compared to the element X. McGregor’s theory differs from Maslow’s theory where he states that it is the worker who should be motivated. According to him, the workers should have a positive relation wit h the workplace to ensure all psychological and self actualization needs are being fulfilled for better performance and productivity. Stuart, 2010) Finally differing from all other theorists Herzberg found out that factors that were cause for concern were company policy, relation with the boss, working conditions, salary and relationship with peers. On the other hand , the factors that kept them motivated were achievement, recognition, business as usual, responsibility , advancement and growth, which again linked the theory of Herzberg to Mcgregor and Maslow (Anonymous, n. d. ) Therefore it may be said that a workplace is the result of various decisions, feelings and emotions working together in a close and cohesive work environment.So to actually determine what is it that actually impacts on the job performance of an employee. The researcher will look into biomechanics which has been a very recent breakthrough in research better termed as Ergonomics at workplace. [Varun Sahgal (H-1 8095)] Page 12 [Impact of Workplace Design] 2. 2 Ergonomics: Today ‘Ergonomics’ or innovation in workplace procedures has become the hip word in the United states of America as the workplace is going through major changeovers during this particular era.The Modern Office Procedure Council has even moved up to publish an article fashionably, entitled ‘Ergonomics; the outbreak of a newer discipline’ (Anonymous, n. d. ). The article though not very acclaimed has covered: work-stations, work-environment, behaviors at work and many other minute issues that are generally overlooked while discussing on the job performance. The research brought together problems that had been collected and researched over a period of thirty years to prove that employers could actually boost employee on the job performance through workplace design.Thi research is mainly being focused on the employees’ reaction to workplace and workplace design. Working all day at a desk in an office takes its toll on the eyes, neck and hands which are sometimes termed as Musculo Skeletal disorders or simply (MSDs) (Anonymous, 2010). Workplaces have today initiated Healthy Work Practice Programs (HWPP), these programs provide a proper checklist for office ergonomic design and also help develop strategies to implement the same (Anonymous, 2010).A study conducted in 2000 also states that in the workplace today where technology has taken over a lot of the workplace space there should be supplementary breaks in between to reduce eye strain and over exertion of the eye muscles (Anonymous, 2007). Theorists have argued that the rate of production per industry per day has been increasing daily to maintain a competitive advantage in the market place. Technologies are being upgraded, work lifestyle is changing and most importantly, recreation time is being diminished. In such an environment, where humans are actually becoming synonymous to machines, the importance of rgonomics is p aramount. If the principles of Ergonomics are not applied to the work task and tools, workers might go through undue stress and mental strain, which in turn decrease on the job performance and have a negative impact on productivity as a whole. Recognizing the ergonomic factors in a workplace is the first step to recognizing the hazards related to workers on the job conditions. Engineers believe that removing physical stress from the working environment could actually eliminate many serious work related injuries each year.Employers should learn to understand employee mindset and work design to make the workplace safer. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 13 [Impact of Workplace Design] Ergonomics can help reduce many (MSDs) while working in operations like hotels, as the work involves giving more than eight hours a day to operations. The process also helps increase the productivity as it provides safer working conditions that motivates the workers to work better in an environment. Ergonomi cs would also help decrease the absenteeism rates due to less MSD’s and more energy among the work force.A workplace can substantially reduce turnovers if new recruits find their workplace properly designed to suit their mindset. Reduced expenses, resulting from a decrease in the rate of (MSDs) would require less cost for covering illness and reduced organization and personal medical costs (OSHA, 2000) OSHA also agues that Reducing Ergonomic Hazards at a workplace is probably the easiest of operations to perform. If one is an employer and his employees frequently complain of ergonomic hazards, all he has to do is incorporate an ergonomics program in the foundation of his organization.The program should motivate employees to participate and should provide scope for valuable feedback to supervisors. The program should be checked regularly by the executive in charge to ensure transparency and productivity. The program at the end of the day should be successful and should be a pr oper training and development task for employees as well as employers (OSHA, 2000) Though from personal work experience it is strongly believed, Employees in the Hospitality ndustry have an inner belief that it is the organizations outlook to provide them with safe, healthy and balanced working conditions. Over a period of the past two years the researcher has completed successful working hour within the premises of three Hospitality establishments and has nowhere experience a proper Ergonomic design program in place. Apart from workplace design 58% of the employees strongly agree that the motivation factor is a major discipline if one wishes to measure the relation between job performance and workplace.Each and every employee feels that to sustain and work happily in a working environment there are only two things of paramount importance, the first being workplace design which has been explained above by the researcher in great detail and the other is Motivation factor. [Varun Sahg al (H-18095)] Page 14 [Impact of Workplace Design] 2. 3 Workplace motivation Motivation recently has been a keen area of research among industrialists and psychologists as it impacts on the job performance of an Individual. It is being taken as a very serious process in a workplace.The beginning of motivation for any personnel in any field of work is very simple, ‘he deserves to be treated fairly and with respect’. On the job behaviour is a pure reflection of how one is treated within the organization. The second step to why motivation is an important fact is because ‘motivation leads to a change in behaviour, which in turn decides changes in the productive aspect of the employee at workplace’. Slowly but steadily managers in many concerns have started taking the concept of motivation seriously.The assessment of satisfaction in the workplace has been a very common occurrence in the recent times and has been used as a tool to measure employee well being and satisfaction in a particular department (Spector, 1997). General Research has shown that out of twenty candidates, seven prefer to go to work happily i. e. They are the category X employees according to the X and Y theory. Ten employees have a feeling that they wish to remain neutral some days can be happy and well other could be boring. The remaining three who are the Y candidates feel that their orkplace requires drastic improvements. There was a similar answer from all the candidates when they were questioned about appreciation, belonging, scope of improvement, salary, supervisor support goal setting and feedback. Therefore as gathered from work experience at a diverse number of workplaces, the general feeling is that workplace motivation is a very important aspect. If the behaviour of the supervisor or the senior does not motivate the employees at work then the employee tends to abhor their work leading to increased abseintism and attrition.The researcher feels that out of a ten hour work shift an employer must at least spend thirty minutes with his employees to evaluate what they have done and what they should do in the near future to establish success in their working methods. An employer should be able to successfully develop a sense of confidence and optimism in his employees. The employer should also once in a while allow the employees to volunteer for tasks that are beyond their abilities so that even the failure can help generate self learning through a method of retrograde training.Apart from this the researcher also feels that an employer must successfully be able to map his employee’s goals and aspirations to help them achieve the same through directed learning and development opportunities. Apart from all this the general feeling is that beyond motivation a good supervisor at the workplace is also an important factor for retaining and satisfying employees. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 15 [Impact of Workplace Design] 2. 4 Supervisory Supp ort Today Supervisors are a very important factor in the workplace.They are epitomes of knowledge and mediums of effective feedback for employees who are working under them (Durham CC, 1997). The level of supervisory support is directly proportional to the teams introduced in workplace today. A supervisor today should be able to comprehend the mood of the individual and the team and work accordingly. With increasing number of team members under a supervisor the need for traditional support reduces. Today a supervisor is expected to possess the qualities for performing diverse roles as with changing scenarios the rolls of different teams.With the drastic changes in the environment it is necessary that the supervisor is chosen before the contingent team is prepared and his behaviour and attitude towards his work must be assessed before-hand so as to give a complete sense of satisfaction to all employees as theorized by (Tannenbaum SI & JA, 1996). A supervisor’s major focus shou ld be on the job enhancement practices for his subordinates, feedback and training. This will help bring about a change in the employee’s behaviour, motivating him to redesign the workplace.A supervisor must allow an employee to learn from mistakes rather than spoon feeding and directing each and every time as there is a line of research that states that ‘autonomy without doubt is the best form of learning’ (Parker Sk, 1998). Sometimes theorists do say that leadership and supervision have a lesser impact on satisfaction but that does not mean it has no impact at all. Supervisory support has critically been recognized as an imperative process for continuous development of new teams on the aspects of satisfaction. BM, 1997) The effect of supervisory support on employee satisfaction is an attribute which has scarcely been researched over time. What really matters is the ability of the supervisor to stay within a team and work as an equal and at the same time being a ble to stand out from the rest in some unique way or the other such that, he is successfully able to motivate and supervise the employees he has to lead. No supervisory support is complete without a super workplace design. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 16 [Impact of Workplace Design] . 5 Designing the new workplace Today ‘on the job behaviour’ is becoming an important aspect of workplace productivity, architects and interior designers have been working hard to provide employees with the most exquisitely modeled workplaces possible. But the time has come to look beyond architectural innovation because (Jusko, May,2000) says that a study conducted in office design and workplace survey in some of the best offices in the US states that most of the managers gave working conditions a grade ‘c’.Hence, it was proved that there are some things beyond architectural design that prompted workers to do well, which were none other than ‘wellness and recreation desi gn’ Healthcare expenditure is soaring high, there is a definite need for reducing hospital and sickness costs in each and every organization. The United States of America and the European nations have adopted structured wellness programs in their office design (Kutler, 2010). Research widely shows that prevention of injury and disease decrease working cost by $3. 47 per employee per day.This average return on investment clearly highlights the fact that incorporation of wellness programs within an organization would help profits greatly and would positively influence on the job performance with reduced health concerns, injury and cost of treatment Theorists’ believe a key factor of human resource is to promote employee satisfaction thereby promoting customer satisfaction. Referring to ‘Maslow’s triangle’ , it can be easily seen that a sense of belonging, friends, culture, team work, co-worker support and supervisor support, games and recreation make an important part of an employee’s ‘self-actualization’ needs.Workplace recreation and design is very evident in organizations that bring together people and processes and its introduction into the hospitality sector is a highly necessary evil. The question to ponder over is why again is a recreational design required at a workplace? The answers though are pretty simple. Today Recreational activities provide a form of intrinsic reward, a sense of self satisfaction from within, which boosts employee motivation. Participation in recreational activities and retreats, help put a balance between work and life.Recreational activities that require participation of staff teams provides scope for individual behaviour and attitude feedback. Recreation in a way helps an employee connect his aspiration to his organization and last but not the least, recreation provides the best forum for self development (Mokaya, february,2012) [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 17 [Impact of Wor kplace Design] So, when it comes to linking recreation and health with on the job performance it has been well seen that both help in strengthening the social bond between customer and employee.They help in developments of skills like leadership, team work and communication, which are invaluable assets for the service industry. The activities also provide a good social forum for discussion and understanding of topics like goals, vision and mission of the organization and future endeavors; it also provides scope for innovation and brain storming at work, coupled with increased friendship and cohesiveness among the staff.Other than wellness and recreation Work stress is also a major cause of not liking ones workplace so to provide a better relationship among staff and employers it is necessary also to act upon the concept of workplace flexibility. 2. 6 Flexibility at workplace Today flexibility means defining how and when a work is done and how does one organize his career in such a c ritical way that there is improved workplace effectiveness. Companies use workplace flexibility as a major tool for managing, customizing, recruiting, retaining and strategizing workforce load as said by (E. Friedman, 2002).There have been several studies in this field that have successfully been able to prove that flexibility has a major role in reducing stress, increasing effectiveness and improving performance. Flexibility at workplace can be of many types depending on what the work demands and how the superior wants to maximize the amount of work done by a particular employee. Today Traditional flextime at a workplace allows employees to choose their own times of coming and leaving the office such that their times will be surrounding the time of core operating hours and the work meted out to them should be done.Employees are given a certain amount of time in a week to complete their work for e. g. ; the employee is to work ten hours a day for four days a week or has to complete eighty hours of work over a period of nine days and so on and so forth (E. Friedman, 2002). Many companies also do offer a concept better known as summer hours, i. e. , increasing an hour per day and completing the time allotted before the designated day, to apply for an extra off. Theorists believe that Flexibility is many times wrongly termed as an employee perk whereas it is only a tool to successfully manage employee on the job behaviour/performance.Its importance is such that it can be used over a range of managerial jobs and at different levels of the hierarchy. Most importantly it is a precise tool and should only be applied only [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 18 [Impact of Workplace Design] where the management feels apt to do so, everyone cannot ask for flexibility and not all jobs can be given flexibility. There are instances wherein on a permanent job an employee can be provided flexibility for a temporary period to boost his morale so as to help him change his outlook tow ards his work (E.Friedman, 2002). It is imperative that a company realizes the problem it wants to deal with, using the tool of flexibility. It is wise always to look into flexibility issues of comparable companies before such a step is taken to boost employee esteem. The company should conduct internal studies and should actually be completely sure about the attitudes of the personnel for whom they are allowing flexibility as the company’s entire working schedule will be centered on flexibility.Going by what theorists say, coping with flexibility is also not an easy factor so it is always better if the supervisors of a company are better trained to monitor staff that are flexible and are trained to calculate output from a flex oriented workforce and last but not the least, a company should make its staff well aware of the continuing improvements and should regularly appreciate staff who have done well on a flexi schedule through accolades and newsletters.Though flexibility i s not a very common answer to problems in the Hospitality sector as it is a very human oriented industry, what can actually become the solution is concentrating on improving the health of an employee. 2. 7 Health Factors and Wellness Program affecting on the job behaviour Today a workplace is viewed from the health perspective, research so far has looked into workers health in two aspects, the former being – do organizations today promote wellness and health programs for workers?And the latter being – Are healthy workplaces also the ones which are more productive? The first question generally covers human resource, employee motivation, hazard free environment, wellness programs, supervisor support, training and development. The latter question though here is significantly more important for this particular research as it is looking into improvements in ‘on the job performance’ of a worker in the organization. Looking at a very three dimensional view of the situation, the answer to the latter appears to be more qualified and complex.Organizations are slowly incorporating workplace wellness programs in their work schedule but actually translating the measure of wealth to on the job productivity is a very difficult task that is required to be accomplished. The research on this front appears to be very weak because in the service industry where work is supposed to be inconspicuous, the industry has shown graphs of deteriorating worker [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 19 [Impact of Workplace Design] health and wellness because of the amount of hard work required and less time available for one’s own self.One must identify the gaps in the health environment of a workplace and should aim to understand the synergistic effects of certain health promotion exercises by combining psychology with job behaviour to research factors like motivation, productivity , sickness ,absenteeism , leave and other psycho social outcomes that can be measure d through wellness studies conducted on the job. Organizations must invest in a healthier working environment and employee care as it will no doubt increase productivity and will be a smart investment in terms of future returns.It is highly imperative that employees coordinate with employers for such programs and understand the effects of team related, work related and family related healthcare. But then again by incorporating better technology also, one can reduce the stress on the Human workforce of the industry. 2. 8 The impact of technology on, ‘on the job behaviour’ Technology has not only changed the workplace today but has also become the lifeline of success of any company. The world has changed after the advent of fax, internet, Wi-Fi, e mail and holograms. Technology is upgrading itself each minute and will continue upgrading itself at a fast rate.Imagining work without access to technology is unimaginable. Technology has not only changed the lives of the physi cally able but has also given equal power to the disabled to compete and even be more productive than normal. With the advent of technology, more and more physically challenged people are entering the business today that probably earlier, just had one or two options. Before technology the differently abled could only earn from supplement programs of the government or could attend ‘training and retraining’ in schools for the challenged, but their life was neither challenging nor productive.The knowledge of assisting devices – how they work and how easily they can be serviced, has empowered the physically challenged to reach newer heights, today even they can be workers, coworkers, self-earning individuals and most importantly with technology boosting their self-esteem, they have become successful and productive employees of today. Theorist believe Whether disabled or not , technology will continue to assist individuals in a job where precision and time management are required, and before joining a job the employer [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 20 [Impact of Workplace Design] s often riddled with questions about what technology will the employee be using and can the technology be remodeled as per his convenience of use (Cohn, 2000). Therefore it is imperative that technology keeps changing so that work becomes easier as ease of work is another incentive/tool to improve on the job performance and quality of service. Before we close the topic of technology, we must not forget that a very simple technology that has been around for the past few years is the one on which the foundation of every successful business industry is based is the e-mail, which is viable proof that technology is a burning need.Though technology is indispensable, policy makers in every country should take an important stride to maintain on the job wellness and a healthy workplace environment. A healthy environment is the first installment of better and greater future return s and for that technology must go hand in hand with the Environmental concerns of Today. 2. 9 Environmental concerns regarding Workplace design Environment issues at workplace should be a growing concern for any company today after the green laws and threat to the ozone layer.Apart from all this it also affects employee performance and on the job behaviour. Who would like to work in an office with bad ventilation and the smell of asbestos around? An infected work environment is a health issue; it not only decreases productivity but also has a direct impact on employee health causing diseases like asthma, claustrophobia and lung infections. This in turn again increases employee absenteeism and health costs of the company. The Employers should take necessary steps to ensure a healthy work environment.The organization should maintain and keep to the guidelines provided by OSHA and EPA to maintain cost effective ways of managing work environment and reduce absenteeism and attrition to i nfluence on the job behaviour and employee productivity. Theorists argue that employees should also understand greater concerns related to the environment when they are working in a service industry where 75 to 80 percent of the waste generated is biodegradable and can be managed simply by doing CSR initiatives and nonprofit work.Restaurants generate around seventy to eighty kilos of edible waste per day. If a company plans successfully, the food waste can safely be disposed off to NGO’s for the poor as a CSR initiative which would give employees a sense of belonging and goodwill and [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 21 [Impact of Workplace Design] would motivate them to innovate on better and unique methods of waste disposal for the greater good and environmental concern.The reason for bringing in environmental concerns while studying employee productivity is the simple fact that â€Å"waste should be eliminated in the surroundings where it is generated’ then only is it said that the company follows a policy of successful waste management. Therefore, every company should have a method of connecting with the experts for complete understanding of environmental concerns relating to a guest service industry. Proper training and development sessions on how to manage cleanliness and environment around and in the workplace should be well followed by employers.The employees should be trained in the art of environment management by their given organization. After discussing every aspect of workplace design one must not forget that an Employees reason for discord may also be underperformance which also sadly makes up a large part of the workplace design. 2. 10 Managing underperformance Workplace is marked by unsatisfactory work performance or the failure to comprehend and act on the tasks which are to be done by the individual in the position of power he holds.The reasons clearly stand to be; a high degree of non compliance with workplace policies and/or rul es, unacceptable behaviour from peers at workplace and disruptive or attitude clashes with bosses or superiors. Apart from this the reasons that are more importantly missed while carrying out a feedback are an employee’s problem in understanding what is expected, his incapability to perform in the given position due to a mismatch between job profile and skill set, lack of regular counseling thereby paralyzing the employee technically, family issues, drug abuse and work culture.It has been frequently argued that dealing with underperformance has always been challenging for employee and employer alike. Managers with formal education require the 5Cs to deal with underperformance which relatively are character, commitment, conviction, courtesy and courage (Khera, 1998). It is crucial to resolve underperformance problems in the location where they arise. Not necessarily does every underperformance issue require a structured approach but the mind must always be free to explore addi tional options.Employers must remember in all contexts that underperformance affects a work environment adversely. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 22 [Impact of Workplace Design] There exists certain incapability among managers to identify the source of underperformance and then assess it successfully. Never has one seen all companies perform at the same level and if they would have, the existence of competition would not have been a paramount feature hence it is important to understand who controls the situation and who manages the workforce. 2. 1 The people involved After discussing all the attributes involved in a workplace design that lead to positive on the job performance, one must not forget the major question of who should be involved in the major processes. An article published by (Frenburg, 1985) stated that flexibility, health, environment, recreation and motivation impacted on the job performance as it involved a sense of well being and belonging in an employee. The resear cher also found that whatever gaps were left in progressive work design was the lack of consultation between employee, employer and workplace designer.It is undoubtedly very clear that a workplace benefits more from staffs who are motivated and trained and understand who the boss is. Effective performance management individuals can create better employees and better effectiveness at workplace. Non compliance with workplace issues, negligent behaviour and hostility in the workplace environment leads to leadership, teamwork and managing the workplace issues. It is rare that an employee knows what is expected from him. Many a times it has been seen that for all the processes mentioned above, there are as such no ground rules laid down by the department to help employees with the same.Unless employees are made to understand that they are underperforming, it is very difficult for them to actually understand that they are underperforming (government, n. d. ). It is essentially required th at the head HR managers and executives , properly look into the tasks mentioned above so that proper coordination is maintained and all the processes followed very closely and carefully†¦ [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 23 [Impact of Workplace Design] Chapter 3 (Research Methodology) 3. Approach The researcher has adopted a mix of â€Å"quantitative† as well as â€Å"qualitative† approaches to carry out this particular study. The Qualitative analysis involves the primary research which draws inferences from the working environment and its effect on the employees in the food and beverage department of the Taj Palace Delhi. The secondary research of this analysis involved conducting literature reviews through thorough study of journals, books and websites to get a global understanding of employee and employee workplace to substantiate the primary research.The quantitative approach involved conducting a survey of thirty employees in the food and beverage department of the hotel, the questionnaires were distributed to equal number of men and women and were spaced over a span of different age groups to understand how employees today feel about their workplace and what is the change they would like to see in that particular department or their working conditions in the near future.After which the researcher conducted semi structured interviews of certain industry personnel who have given sufficient amount of years to the industry and who can successfully compare and contrast the difference between workplace scenarios then and what change they have undergone now. 3. 2 The Research Question/Hypothesis Do workplace attributes affect on the job behaviour of an employee? 3. 3 Research design The primary design of the research is an empirical deductive research. The questionnaire data has been collected from thirty employees belonging to different societies and spread over different ages and genders.The qualitative data involves deducing data from semi st ructured interviews of hospitality industry professionals with sufficient experience of the topic. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 24 [Impact of Workplace Design] Chapter 4 (Results and Discussion) 4. 1 Interview 4. 1. 1 Mr. Avijit Sen, General Manager, Vesta Hotels Jaipur How critical is the physical work environment to office space designing today compared to when you began your work in the industry? Things were indeed very different when I began in the hospitality sector. The industry was still going through a phase of metamorphosis and things were very new.Then, every HM student was considered to be a waiter and a culinary guy a ‘bawarchi’. There was no defined workplace design as such, people were staunch followers of the phrase work is worship and no matter whatever be the condition work is our livelihood so good or bad pleasing or not so pleasing it did not matter. But yes things are very different now. People are being judged on their overall efficiency more and m ore jobs are being replaced by technology and a small number of highly qualified individuals are required in a business unit. Workplace or the so called physical environment of the employee has become an epicenter of change.Innovation and efficiency are today’s mantra and are the keys to employee motivation. Everyone wishes to have an environment with his own physical space. There has been more stress on scientific design lately to suite the body and physical needs of employees and with labor becoming more and more costly, one has to design to retain. When did you first begin to realize that the work environment or the workplace itself has started affecting your on the job behaviour? Well to be very honest, it was not very tough to realize that. When you are at the level of assistant managers you are young in the industry and the world seems to be a gift of Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 25 [Impact of Workplace Design] unlimited possibilities. At that time when you are in the p eriod of frequent transfers and property changes you seem to notice designs and patterns I am from a food and beverage background for me at least I knew that the design of the bar or the restaurant definitely mattered. Better ambience better origination would not only please customer but also employee alike. The major difference always will be that some places the organization would have designed well at other places it would have not shown much interest so the working attitude really differs from place to place.I preferably found the Private hotels and their designs better and hence changed over from ITDC. Why do you feel that the industry is taking so long to incorporate workplace innovations even after realizing that it has a significant impact on the on the job behaviour? Unlike all other product oriented businesses which have been there from time immemorial the hospitality industry is relatively knew and mapping all aspects of its production is very difficult.Plus recent insigh ts show that the hospitality industry is still in need of a lot of qualified professionals Workplace design though essential is a very hi-fi concept, the education system in India is definitely not equipped to produce out of the box thinking individuals and that is why there are very few. It is not that the workplace engineering concept has not been introduced, the fact still is that hospitality professionals are still not mentally prepared to embrace the realities of the concept. If you wanted to create the ideal workplace environment, what would you envision it to be if you were an employee?Honestly, if I were to view workplace as an employee, India is far from achieving the vision I have seen. Improvements are not only required in staff line motivation but also infrastructure [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 26 [Impact of Workplace Design] Life in hospitality is fast paced, the job is demanding and work hours are eerie. In a scenario like this, employees are forced to come and chang e in a changing rooms cramped with lockers that would not even hold two pair of suits. The washrooms of the back area are cramped and employees literally have to bend to accommodate.The bunk beds placed for employees on night parole too are rough and uncomfortable When I began as an hotelier we had a few prestigious properties of hospitality scattered in the regions of Delhi Madras and Bangalore and sadly when today hospitality is growing its staff sector is still underdeveloped. The resources are not proper and the facilities are scarce. What do you feel have been the most repetitive complains regarding workplace issues in the industry? Being a manger you face those complains in abundance, you can never categorize these complains as important or non important.Many of them are linked to issues I have already discussed with you in previous questions. I often get complains like the environment smell rancid, the cleaning in the back areas are, not proper. Technological failure, softwar e’s not working. Then you will also not be surprised to find complains like space in washroom is not sufficient or the staff rooms are too claustrophobic. Lack of basic amenities and training programs and less motivational factors related to work. Office innovation or workplace change is actually the development of technological social and personnel aspects, what are your comments on this statement?It is definitely that but a lot more is what I would like to say as I have mentioned every aspect in my answers above. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 27 [Impact of Workplace Design] 4. 1. 2 Mr. Akesh Bhatnagar, General Manager, Golkonda Hotel, Hyderabad How critical is the physical work environment to office space designing today compared to when you began your work in the industry? Interesting Question, you see physical work environment or office design now is like the rotation of the earth, there is day and there is night. Some changes occurred for the best and well others were no t that successful.Office design was critical then and is critical now the only difference today is that people are more aware of what is expected of them. In the 1980s when I was still in my twenties I remember the laws of transparency at work and overtime were not strict. People could get away with anything and everything and honestly we did not bother much we did what our elders had done, we were told work was for a living and it had to be done come what may. Today though things have taken a drastic turn with people today aping the west and with more flexibility in laws and awareness employees tend to choose their own workplace.If it is good and up to their level of comfort they will do the job and if not ‘it’s not their cup of tea’, so today office space design has actually become a mirage of what the employee wants to see. It is his job and his way. When did you first begin to realize that the work environment or the workplace itself has started affecting you r on the job behaviour? Well it is actually hard to recall but if you ask me personally, I would say I realized it when I was training with ITDC on a banquet operation. I remember I had a very grumpy supervisor who would snap at us every time we moved a glass from here to there.It was actually intimidating the way he would actually direct us in each and everything how to walk, how to talk and how to serve, what to say and what not to say. One must understand that people do not like that. They prefer an environment that gives the ease of working not overstress them From there on I started judging my workplace by how my peers were, how my colleagues were, how well kept my workplace was and most importantly whether I can expect to get back what I put in. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 28 [Impact of Workplace Design]Why do you feel that the industry is taking so long to incorporate workplace innovations even after realizing that it has a significant impact on the on the job behaviour? We ll Varun, I do not know if you realize this or not but hoteliering is not the most happening profession in the world today. You will actually be surprised to know how many people keep this as a second option, honestly hoteliering was my second option too it was much later when I came face to face with my work that I realized it is not that bad after all. If you see figures the industry is actually in need of more than twenty thousand educated professionals but alas!People with brains either become engineers or doctors or join other professions with other noble roots. There is a shortage of skilled personnel in this industry and people knock on the doors of this profession when they have realized that they do not stand a chance elsewhere. People like you that is if hotels was your first option are really hard to come by so you know bringing in an innovation which few seem to understand feels like a waste of time so the process of workplace change though slow seems even more redundant because of the lack of skilled people for its execution.If you wanted to create the ideal workplace environment, what would you envision it to be if you were an employee? Well if I were to envision my work place I would see myself sitting on a chair that floats above the ground and be able to move in an out through walls unnoticed eat sleep work and enjoy when I want. Jokes apart, I am just trying to say that there can never be one vision. The vision of workplace for every person changes with the change in his seniority and his mindset.When I was at the Front office manager I wanted a bigger desk today when I am a General Manager I want a bigger and much more technologically improved office What one envisions to see will always be steps away from reality, so if you wish to sum up what each and every one of us in this industry wants it would just be ‘paradise’. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 29 [Impact of Workplace Design] What do you feel have been the most repetitive c omplains regarding workplace issues in the industry? Well when you talk of complains in this industry they are more like tantrums of kid.It is like when the kid wants something he wants it without even realizing whether or not the company would actually be able to provide him with the same. I get complains like ‘the staff washroom is to small’ or ‘ we need better lockers’ or ‘the work hours are killing’ or ‘sir, I did not get my designated of’ and last but not the least ‘ my supervisor and colleagues do not respect me’. This world is a battlefield of conflicts, people strive to achieve better and better. To people there will always be a scope for change so workplace design or change is like polishing a diamond with each intricate cut it shines better and its value doubles.Maybe many of the complains do not have a solution but many also do but the irony is if you solve one they come up with upgraded versions of previous complains so you have got to keep improving yourself so that you can face the challenges of the future. Office innovation or workplace change is actually the development of technological social and personnel aspects, what are your comments on this statement? Definitely, very truly spoken because work and its outcomes depend mainly on personal social and technological aspects, enhancing all of the above would definitely enhance productivity. . 2 Structured Questionnaire Analysis A structured questionnaire was provided to thirty staff members selected randomly from the food and beverage department of Taj Palace Hotel, Delhi. The questionnaire involved ranking workplace as an important attribute affecting job satisfaction and on-job performance on a scale of one to five, with one being the lowest and five being the highest. After the data was collected, it was analyzed for the importance placed to different attributes with regards to the employees’ job satisfaction and on-job p erformance.An average of the [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 30 [Impact of Workplace Design] data submitted by all participants of the study was calculated and a bar chart was generated as follows. Attributes of Job Satisfaction 5 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1. 5 1 0. 5 Attributes 2. 6 2. 6 3. 7 4. 4 4. 1 3. 9 3. 6 3. 6 3. 7 3. 7 4. 1 4. 2 4 4. 5 3. 8 4 4. 5 0 Figure 1 The analysis of this questionnaire presented to employees of different ages and working at different levels in the Food and Beverage Department of The Taj Palace Delhi yielded very interesting results.Looking at the bar chart from the average of all attributes of work and workplace design , it is naturally seen that Learning Opportunity, Promotion, Motivation and Workplace Architecture play a major role in employee satisfaction, which in turn is known to be directly proportional to the on the job behaviour of the employee. Many employees have also marked Wellness Programs and Job Security as important reasons for retaining a j ob. The analysis also included ideas collected from, The Restaurant Manager, supervisors, the stewards and also management trainees working in the department.The questionnaire by design was circulated to an equal number of male and female employee’s in the study. [Varun Sahgal (H-18095)] Page 31 [Impact of Workplace Design] Next, the researcher segregated the study findings by gender to see if any deviations occurred in the result. It was realized that different workplace attributes motivated male and female employees differently. Given below is a Bar chart of the attributes that the male employees considered essential for job satisfaction. 5 Job Satisfaction Attributes for Male 4. 7 Employees 4. 1 3. 4 3. 8 3. 7 3. 4 2. 8 2. 5 4. 1 4 4 4. 2 4. 2 4. 2 4. 1 4 4. 5 4 3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1. 5 Attributes(M) 1 0. 5 0 Figure 2 It was clearly noticed that for male employees working in the Food and Beverage department of The Taj Palace Hotel, Delhi that what motivates them the most is the physical attribute of workplace, which includes working desk and back area design. Workplace architecture is closely followed by job security, training and development, motivation while attr