Critical Analysis on The Scream by Edvard Munch Essay example -- a cri

Critical Analysis on The Scream by Edvard Munch Edvard Munch was born on December 12 1863 in Loten Norway. He moved to Christiana, and spent most of his minorhood there. Both his mother and his oldest sister suffered from tuberculosis and died before he reached the age of 14. At 18 he became more serious about his art and started attending art school. Edvard finally found a release for the pain he felt from his sisters death. In 1886 he painted The Sick Child. The characterization was so emotionally charged that it received a lot of criticism from the press and the public. further some of his artist colleagues began to recognize his talent. The same year another tragedy struck. His father died in November. Edvard received some scholarships that allowed him to spend the next few historic period in Paris. Although he would return to Norway during the summer, his style was that of a French Impressionist. In 1892 Munch submitted a series of paintings into a major Berlin art show. His exhibit was title The Frieze of Life. This show caused an even larger uproar than his previous work. Edvard became a celebrity overnight and he painted such paintings as the sick child the scream and vampire, which showed his true emotion feelings. Edvard Munch had been through a lot of trauma, hurt and heartbreak in his life and his art work and painting helped him to expressive his feelings. I am going to be analysing and studing the Painting The Scream. Edvard Munch was an Impressionist painter. Expressionism is movement in the arts during the early part of the twentieth century that emphasized subjective expression of the artists inner experiences. This may ... ...e of the loneliest, scariest, and the most dire place were we can escape to, and were no one else can cognise what you are thinking. I have seen how to symbolise certain things by colours and shapes and how to give a certain impression and mood. I can see how amazing dreams and nightmares are because they are not in this world, but they are only true portraits our ourselves and our lives so anything is possible and even our darkest and saddest feelings that we bury away inside us can show and come to life in our dreams. I have learnt to make a straightforward piece of art turn into an emotional and racy feeling that every person has different views and feeling about depending on their own lives. I can now see how this piece of artwork is truly individual, remarkable and unique as it shows that emotions of a broken man.

He Knows He Was There :: essays papers

He Knows He Was There Human beings have a tendency to pick out some sort of tangible or perceivable proof in order to fully understand a concept. Most great deal will not take what is being told to them as true unless they are shown somehow that it is true. In a work of fiction, the author strives to create a tangible setting for the referee to captivate him in his reading experience. The author uses believable scenes to reveal character traits and various themes by showing how the characters act and react in different situations. This is bare in F. Scott Fitzgeralds greatest work, The Great Gatsby. This novel is set during the 1920s in the New York City area. It revolves around the events and lives of a group of individual. These few state are of higher social rank. Fitzgerald takes the reader into this high society through the eyes of Nick, the narrator. His use of a first hand narrator aids him greatly in revealing the wasteful and greedy moral values of the character s and the society in which they live in his novel, The Great Gatsby.During the 1920s, wasteful use of money by the elite was rampant. In The Great Gatsby, there is a scene that depicts a sort of social gathering in a New York apartment. Tom and Nick, besotted residents of the Eggs, are present. Myrtle and her sister Catherine are also present. Tom is currently having an affair with Myrtle, so she has a connection with the rich culture. Her sister Catherine, on the other hand, does not have any connection with such people. Nick, the narrator of the novel, provides us with a first hand account of the scene The bottle of whiskey - a second one - was now in constant demand by all present, excepting Catherine who felt just as good on goose egg at all (39). This scene, depicted by a narrator who was present, reveals many details about the characters that otherwise could have not been displayed. It shows a group of people being dependent on a substance to have fun. The people participa ting are mainly the rich or individuals with some connection to the rich. To many, alcohol is a symbol of escape. Somebody abuses alcohol in order to run away from reality and to seclude himself from society. It seems silly that such an apparently well clear up group of individuals would want to escape reality.

The Great Depression and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath :: John Steinbeck The Grapes of Wrath

The Great Depression and John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath Though most Americans are aware of the Great Depression of 1929, which may well be the most serious problem facing our free enterprise economic system, few know of the many Americans who disjointed their homes, life savings and jobs. This make-up briefly states the understandings of the depression and summarizes the vast problems Americans faced during the eleven years of its span. This paper primarily focuses on what life was like for farmers during the time of the Depression, as portrayed in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, and tells what the government did to end the Depression. In the 1920s, after World War 1, danger signals were apparent that a great Depression was coming. A major cause of the Depression was that the pay of workers did not increase at all. Because of this, they couldnt afford manufactured goods. While the factories were still manufacturing goods, Americans werent able to afford them and th e factories made no money (Drewry and Oconnor 559). some other major cause related to farmers. Farmers werent doing to well because they were producing more crops and farm products than could be sold at high prices. Therefore, they made a very small profit. This inadequate profit wouldnt allow the farmers to purchase new machinery and because of this they couldnt produce goods quick enough (Drewry and Oconnor 559). A new plan was created called the installment plan. This plan was established because many Americans didnt lose enough money to buy goods and services that were needed or wanted. The installment plan stated that people could buy products on credit and make periodic payments. The one major problem with this idea was that people soon found out that they couldnt afford to make the monthly payment(Drewry and Oconnor 559).In 1929 the stock market crashed. many an(prenominal) Americans purchased stocks because they were certain of the economy. People started selling their stocks at a fast pace over sixteen million stocks were sold Numerous stock prices dropped to fraction of their value. Banks lost money from the stock market and from Americans who couldnt pay back loans. Many factories lost money and went out of business because of

Importance of Control in Staffords Traveling Through the Dark Essay

Importance of Control in Staffords Traveling Through the Dark   In William Staffords Traveling Through the Dark, the fibber encounters a dead deer on the edge of the road. He knows that the safe and proper course of action is to push the deer into the canyon, but when he finds that the push was near giving birth before she died, he hesitates to kill the unborn fawn. Staffords central idea in the poem revolves around the decision the narrator makes to pass the deer in order to clear the road of obstacles, so that others who drive on the dark, narrow road wont have to swerve.   The image of the deer evokes sympathy and tenderness from the reader because the image isnt merely that of a dead animal. The second stanza describes the dead deer as the reader would expect. The narrator stood by the heap, a doe, a new-fashioned killing / she had stiffened already, almost cold. The lifeless deer, merely a heap of animal recently killed on the road, seems ready to be pushed into t he canyon, but the next stanza reverses the image of the deer. The narrator approaches ...

Poems About The Stars of Frost and Keats Essay -- American Literature

Poems About The sense experiences of Frost and Keats Bright friend by John Keats and Choose Something Like a Star by Robert Frost both present to the reader a desire to be like the steadfast star. Both poets gaze for this same quality in the stars, just thematically and stylistically each poem has its similarities and differences. The themes evident in Bright Star and Choose Something Like a Star are similar, but do have subtle differences. A theme shared between the two is mans wish for eternalness. The first fifteen lines of Choose Something Like a Star ask for the secret of steadfastness, and the first line of Bright Star says, would I were steadfast as thou art. The speaker of each poem wants to be equal to(p) to identify with the star and its quality of persistence. This same theme the two poems share also has faint differences. The speaker of Choose Something Like a Star does not wish to be steadfast like the star, but wants to obtain the secret of permanence. Th e speaker says, Tell us what elements you blend. The poem Bright Star differs in that the ...

Poems About The Stars of Frost and Keats Essay -- American Literature

Poems About The Stars of Frost and Keats Bright Star by John Keats and Choose Something Like a Star by Robert Frost both represent to the reader a desire to be comparable the steadfast star. Both poets gaze for this identical quality in the stars, but thematically and stylistically apiece poem has its similarities and differences. The themes evident in Bright Star and Choose Something Like a Star are similar, but do have subtle differences. A theme shared between the two is mans wish for eternalness. The first fifteen lines of Choose Something Like a Star ask for the secret of steadfastness, and the first line of Bright Star says, would I were steadfast as thou art. The speaker of each poem wants to be able to identify with the star and its quality of persistence. This same theme the two poems share also has faint differences. The speaker of Choose Something Like a Star does not wish to be steadfast like the star, but wants to obtain the secret of permanence. The spea ker says, Tell us what elements you blend. The poem Bright Star differs in that the ...

The Future Of Fuel Cell Technology Engineering Essay

In our incumbent universe of planetary heating, clime alteration, discharge insecurity, and higher(prenominal) energy demand and ingestion from developing states, it is perfectly necessary we started looking into how to bring forrader the power of the hereafter. Through research, development, and promotion of engineering, several beginnings of alternate, fairly renewable energy have been identified. One of the alternate beginnings of energy for the hereafter is The raise Cell Technology . This engineering ( provoke cell engineering ) has the manageable to be the drift which will transform the manner in which industries of today will bring forth energy of tomorrow. can Cell lav provided be describe as a power bring forthing system made up of electrochemical cell that converts the chemical energy of H into galvanizing energy. The electrical energy is generated from the reaction between H ( which is the evoke ) an O ( which is the oxidizer ) .The history of fuel cells hist ory can be dated rump to 1939 when William Grove, a British scientist fore roughly discovered its rule. He demonstrated this by utilizing four big cells ( each incorporating H and O ) to bring forth electric power which was so used to divide the H2O ( in a smaller upper cell ) into H and O. The National Aeronautics and Space judgeship ( NASA ) subsequently demonstrated their possible applications in supplying power during unfathomable flights. Since so, industry has been looking at the commercial viability of fuel cells engineering to bring forth energy in assorted applications in such a manner that it can vie with other sources/types of energy coevals.Fuel CellsTypesThere are several types of fuel cells organism developed. The point difference between fuel cells types is their electrolyte. The chief fuel cells types are listed belowProton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells ( PEMFC ) This is alike called the Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell. It is the most favorable fuel cell engineering that offer alternate to the internal burning engine. The PEMFC uses a thin plastic membrane as its electrolyte. The reaction gases ( H and O ) are fed into the cell to respond with the anode and the cathode. The fuel H continuously flows to the anode. At the anode, H ions ( or protons ) and negatrons are produce from the H. Merely positively charged H ions pass through the membrane. The negatively charged negatrons flow to the electrical socket to bring forth electrical power. Oxygen continuously flow to the cathode. At the cathode the O combines with H ions and the negatrons to organize H2O which flows out of the cell.2HA? a 4Ha + 4ea? Equation for the reaction of the anodeOa + 4Ha + 4ea? a 2HaO Equation for the reaction at the cathode2Ha + Oa a 2HaO Overall EquationFigure 1 How PEMFC works ( Beginning hypertext transfer protocol //altenergystation.com/fuel-cells.html )The PEMFC has many advantages over all other types of fuel cell The PEMFC has a high power denseness and a low operating temperature ( of about 60-80 grades Celsius ) compared with other types of fuel cell. Its low operating temperature makes the fuel cell to warm up and get down bring forthing electricity within a short period of clip. Besides, the electrolyte is a solid stuff which makes it simpler to fabricate. The solid electrolyte of PEMFC makes it easier to orientate compared with other electrolytes. It is besides less caustic and has protracted cell life and stack life. Other advantages of PEMFC areIt merely requires H and O as reactant.The by merchandise is H2O.It can be used as an option to internal burning engine.Although PEMFC has many benefits, it does hold some disadvantages excessively.The operating temperature is low ( about 80AC ) which is non high jackpot to execute utile cogeneration.It is an expensive signifier of electricity coevals. It cost about ?2500 ?5000 per kilowatt.The control of wet in the cathode and anode watercourse is of import as the electrolyte is required to be saturated with H2O to run optimally.Direct Methanol Fuel Cells ( DMFC )These types of fuel cells are comparable to the PEMFC except that methyl group radical alcohol is used as fuel alternatively of H. It works by oxidising of the liquid methyl alcohol ( CHa?OH ) in the presence of H2O at the anode. The DMFC uses the same type of electrolyte as the PEMFC, but with thicker membranes. The chemical equality ( reaction ) of the DMFC is as follow At the anode CHa?OH + HaO a COa +6Ha + 6ea?At the cathode 3/2Oa + 6Ha + 6ea? a 3HaOOverall Equation CHa?OH + 3/2Oa a COa+ 2HaODMFC engineering is really applicable for portable power devices like laptops, 2-way wirelesss, cell phones, PDA etc. This is due to the high energy denseness of the methyl alcohol fuel. The current DMFCs can bring forth power denseness between 300-1000mWcmA? compared to PEMFC power denseness of 300-1000mWcmA? . DMFC can run between 50AC and 120AC with an efficiency of approximately 40 % .The DMFC of fers a batch of benefits compared with PEMFC nevertheless its development is still in its early phases. Some of its advantages are It uses a liquid ( methyl alcohol ) fuel for power. Methanol can incorporate efficaciously with transmittal and distribution systems that are already in being.It does non necessitate a complicated fuel storage system, as suppose to hydrogen fuel storage for PEMFC.It is simpler in its design, and has the possible for low-volume, lightweight packaging.Methanol is easier to transport and provide in commercial measures utilizing current gasolene substructure.The chief disadvantage nevertheless, is that the low oxidation of methyl alcohol to hydrogen ions and COa requires a more active accelerator. The fuel stack requires big measures of Pt compared with the PEMFC. Due to the big measures of Pt requires, the DMFC are more expensive. Other disadvantages are methanol is extremely caustic and toxic, DMFC have low efficiency compared to PEMFC due to the high p ervasion of methyl alcohol through the membrane.Alkaline Fuel Cells ( AFC )AFC were one of the first type of fuel cell engineerings developed and used in the United States infinite plan to bring forth electricity. AFC operates by utilizing a termination of K hydrated oxide ( KOH ) in H2O as the electrolyte. It can utilize a free scope of assorted non-precious metals as a accelerator at the anode and the cathode. AFC operates at temperature between 100AC and 250AC, nevertheless, most recent design of AFC operate at disdain temperature of approximately 23AC to 70AC. AFC have been proved to hold efficiency of stopping point to 60 % .Advantages of AFC are The cost of AFC are lowered compared to other signifiers of fuel cell engineerings because Alkaline engineering can work absolutely good without the usage of cherished metals.The AFC operates at a low temperature of about 70AC. This lower its costs because the lower the operating temperature, the lower the cost of the stuffs needed to make a working and dependable system.AFC has the highest efficiency of all fuel cell type ( about 60 % ) .AFC nevertheless is susceptible to taint, hence requires pure H and O. Susceptibility of AFCs to taint besides affects the cell s life-time, therefore extra cost.Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells ( PAFC )The PAFC is one of the modern fuel cell and the first to be used commercially. PAFC can bring forth up to 200 kilowatt of power and is in the main used to power stationary power coevals and besides to power big vehicles like coachs. The PAFC uses liquid phosphorous harsh as an electrolyte. The phosphorous acid is contained in a Teflon-bonded Si carbide matrix and porous C electrodes incorporating a Pt accelerator. The chief feature of PAFC is the impregnation of the phosphorous acid aqueous solution as the electrolyte in the matrix. The efficiency of PAFC is approximately 40 % but can be increased to over 70 % with combined heat and power. One of the chief advantages of PAFC is th at they are more receptive to drosss in fossil fuels that have been reformed into H than PEMFC, which are easy poisoned by C monoxide. PAFC are besides more efficient when used for the cogeneration of electricity and heat ( about 85 % ) . Other benefit of PAFC is its first-class dependability and long-run public presentation.The disadvantage nevertheless is that it takes longer to warm up because it operates at a higher temperature ( between 150AC and 200AC ) , therefore doing it unsuitable for usage in autos. It besides requires Pt as a accelerator like most other types of fuel cells, but provides low power and current. Another deficit of PAFC is its size and volume in parity to their end product compared with other types of fuel cell.Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells ( MCFC )Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ( SOFC )HydrogenElectrolysisPEM Fuel Cell and Electrolyser Operating PrinciplesTableFuel Cell Development in Future An Independent OpinionExperiment How to Better Output and Efficiency ofaCon sequence Calculation of Improved Efficiency/ surgical procedureDecisionGlossaryAppendixs

Early Childhood Pioneers Essay

Froebel pioneered the view that play acts as an organising function which integrates skill and helps babyren apply their fellowship and understanding in relation to their developing ideas, feelings, physical bodies and relationships. Froebel scene that schools should be communities in which the p arnts atomic number 18 welcome to join their pip-squeakren. He believed that pargonnts were the first educators of their child. He thought that children intimate outdoors as well as in spite of appearance. He advance expirement, games and the study of natural science in the garden. He invented finger play, songs and rhymes.He bring forward the arts and crafts and a love for literature as well as mathematical understandings. He thought that children should have freedom of movement, clothes which were easy to move about in, and sensible food which was not too rich. Foebel deeply treasured symbolic behavior and promote this in very progeny children. He completed how important it is for children to understand that they can make one thing stand for another. He thought that the best way for children to try out symbolic behaviour was in their play. He thought that as they pretend and imagine things, children show their highest level of submiting.Similarly to Vygotsky he thought that childrens best conceiveing is by and through with(p) when they are playing. He alike designed various items and activities to help symbolic behaviour. He encouraged children to draw, make collages and model with clay. He encouraged play with special wooden blocks (Gifts) and made up songs, movements, dancing AND crafts (occupations). He every last(predicate)owed children to use Gifts and Occupations as they wished thus introducing what is called now free flow play. He emphasised the expressive arts, mathematics, literature, sciences, creativity and aesthetic things.He believed that each brought important but different kinds of knowledge and understanding. He also place gre at emphasis on ideas, feelings and relationships. Influence on true practice and curriculum models Most mainstream settings encourage cultivation through first hand experience and play remains central to provision for childrens larn, including language development through rhymes and finger plays. Most proterozoic years settings encourage imagination to flow freely in play, and symbolic play is seen as very important for childrens development.Early years settings integrate care and education and today this is emphasised more than ever. Childrens development is still encouraged through provision of a wide range of materials and activities tailored to the needs of the individual child. Current best practice still emphasises creativity, science and the humanities and learning opportunities are unified across curriculum partnerships. Maria Montessori (1870- 1952) Montessori devised a structured teaching programme which she based on her observations of children who were mentally chal lenged, and she believed she was making Froebels bleed more scientifically rigorous in doing this.There are Montessori schools in the UK within the private sector. Children are seen as active learners who go through crude extremitys in their development when they are more open to learning ill-tempered skills and concepts. Montessori designed a set of didactic materials which encouraged children to use their hands. Her method involves a series of graded activities through which every child progress expireing through specially designed materials. Each material isolates one quality for the child to discover e. g. size, colour or shape. The materials are self correcting.Whereas Froebel stressed the importance of relationships, feelings and being part of a community, Montessori stressed that children should work alone. She thought that this helped children to become self-sufficient learners. For her the highest moment in childs learning was what she called the polarisation of the a ttention. This means that the child is completely silent and absorbed in what they are doing. Montessori did not think there was need for adult correction. The piece of the adult was limited to facilitating the childs own creativity, the teacher is known as directress.Children are not seen as part of a community but work largely on their own in a quiet and peaceful environs of total concentration. junior-grade parental involvement is encouraged. Unlike Froebel, Montessori did not see the point in play or the free flow. She did not encourage children to have their own ideas until they had worked through all her graded learning sequences, she did not believe that they were able to do free drawing or creative work of any kind until they had through with(p) this. The child is thought to solve problems independently, building self confidence, analytical thinking and the satisfaction that comes from accomplishment.There are significant similarities amongst Piagets theory of the stage s of cognitive development and the Montessori systems organisation of students in the classroom. The Montessori system places children into classrooms based upon a common cognitive stage and not by grade level, children are divided into age groups and are presented with activities that correspond to their cognitive ability at that level, this coincides closely with Piagets stages of development in which certain cognitive tasks must be mastered during a certain age in order for formal learning to progress.Furthermore students in Montessori system are placed in an environment that is tailored to their cognitive development, Montessori believed that classrooms should be furnished and equipped in a manner that allows children to explore and interact with their surroundings in a safe and benignant environment. Piaget believed that interaction with ones surroundings aids in cognitive development in a way that is referred to as schema theory. The Montessori system also provides the necess ary growth opportunities as designated by Piaget to progress from one cognitive stage to next.These four criteria include maturation, experience, social interaction and equilibration Influence on current practice and curriculum models Mainstream provision also sees the child as an active learner and some Montessori ideas and materials are used such as graded sizes of particular shapes, e. g. small, medium and large blocks. Many other aspects of Montessori provision are different from mainstream early years practice. For example mainstream settings emphasise that the role of adults in intervening and bread and butter the childs learning.Current mainstream practice would not usually leave children to work through activities alone but encourages group work and sensitive hitch by adults to support learning. Sometimes quiet concentration is encouraged but according to individual childrens needs rather than basic approach to all learning activities. Current practice would involve parent s/carers as partners with a high degree of involvement. Susan Isaacs (1885- 1948) Like Margaret McMillan, Susan Isaacs was influenced by Froebel, she was also influenced by the theories of Melanie Klein, the psychoanalyst, Isaacs made detailed observations of children.Isaacs valued play because she believed that it gave children freedom to think, feel and relate to others. She looked at childrens fears, their aggression and their anger. She believed that through their play, children can move in and out of reality. This enables them to balance their ideas, feelings and relationships. She said of classrooms where young children have to sit at tables and write that they cannot learn in such places because they need to move just as they need to eat and sleep. Isaacs valued parents as the most important educators in a childs life.She spoke to them on the radio, and she wrote for parents in magazines. Isaacs encouraged people to look at the inner feelings of children. She encouraged child ren to express their feelings. She thought it would be very damaging to bottle up feelings inside. She supported both Froebels and Margaret McMillans view that nurseries are an extension of the stem and not a substitute for it, and she believed that children should remain in nursery type education until they are 7 years of age. Isaacs kept careful records of children, both for the period they spent in her nursery and for the period after they had left.She constitute that many of them regressed when they left her nursery and went on to formal infant schools. Modern researches have found the same. Influence on current practice and curriculum models Mainstream early years settings today give opportunities for children to let off steam in controlled way through vigorous physical play and encourage controlled expression of feelings through language and imaginative play. Play is still seen as central to learning and parents/carers are seen as partners. likeful observation of children a nd accurate record keeping is emphasised in early years settings.Many countries throughout the world do not jump out children at school until age six or seven years and many early years educators in the UK argue that this should be the case here. Margaret McMillan (1860-1931) Margaret worked in the Froebel tradition. She believed in active learning through first hand experiences and emphasised feelings and relationships as well as physical aspects of movement and learning. She believed that play helped a child to become a whole person and was an integrating force in learning and development. McMillan was a pioneer in nursery education.She believed in the introduction of nursery schools as an extension of home and as communities in themselves. She emphasised the value of the open air and introduced gardens for families to play and explore. She believed in partnership with parents who developed with their children in the nursery environment. McMillan was the first to introduce school meals and medical examination services and stressed the importance of trained adults to work with children. Influence on current practice and curriculum models McMillan has had a powerful influence on the provision of nursery education in the UK and many of her principles are widespread.At present time children are given coming wherever possible to outdoors areas and encouraged to make gardens and use natural materials. Early years settings give opportunities for childrens physical, social, imaginative and creative play and encourage expression of feelings. Active learning is encouraged through provision of a wide range of materials and equipment together with a skilled and qualified workforce. McMillans views on the nursery school as a community are followed through today as parents are invited into schools and seen as partners in the care and education of their children.As well as being a community in itself, early years settings extend provision into the community and become p art of the community. School meals and medical services are now an accepted part of provision. Learning theories and Play The importance of Play, the environmental factors and the view of the child as an active learner are also reflected in the social constructivist model. Similarly to the pioneers of play, Piaget, Vygotsky and Bruner saw the child as an active thespian in their own development and learning. Piagetstated that children passed through a series of stages of cognitive development always in the same order but at different rates. He emphasised that the child was an active participant in their own learning and development. According to Piaget children had schemas or patterns of behaviour that are part of the childs powerful drive to understand its experiences. Piaget believed that young children in preoperational stage began to think and represent actions with symbols and judged situations on what they could see not being able to conserve, he also prescribed them as egoce ntric and felt that they learned by discovery.Whereas Piaget saw the child as a solitary learner, Bruner and Vygotsky similarly to Froebel stressed the importance of the role of adults and interactions in play. Vygotsky emphasised the role of adults in component part children learn. He identified the zone of proximal development and believed that the adult role was to intervene and help children to move into the zone of actual development and the cycle goes on. Bruner believed that children learn through doing, imagining what they have been doing and then turning what they know into symbols such speech, drawing and writing.Bruner saw the adult as important in supporting childrens learning especially when informal, everyday interactions are utilised to help children make sense of the world. Influence on current practice and curriculum models Current practice acknowledges the role of schemas in childrens learning and development. Different types of schemas were identified by early ye ars practitioners, teachers and psychologists, such as transporting, orientation, enveloping, horizontal and vertical schemas. Social constructivism (reflecting many of the early childhood pioneers ideas) is widely acknowledged to underpin and influence mush early years provision.It emphasises that children have different and distinct ways of thinking, behaviour and feeling at different stage of development and that childrens thinking is different from adults. Children are seen as active agent in their own learning, adults observe and assess children, work closely with the child, support their learning, extend play opportunities and parents are involved as partners. Carefully structured and well resourced learning environment are essential including the indoors and outdoors to encourageexploration and discovery with a balance of adult structured activities and play and learning opportunities freely chosen by children. Current principles and curriculum models High/Scope curriculum m odel High scope is a structured programme developed in the 60s in the USA and now widen for use with preschool children and babies. Some mainstream settings in the UK use the High scope approach. The High/scope is based on well accepted educational principles Active learning the child is encouraged to become an active learner involved directly in their own learning.Personal initiative the child is encouraged to use individualized initiative to plan, do, and review their own learning. Consistency children need consistent stable daily routines and organised learning environment to help their confidence and independence. Genuine relationships surrounded by practitioners and children Appropriate curriculum designed to provide key learning experiences. The EYFS Curriculum The principles of good practice in early years provision have integrated many of the key features of the work of the early educators.Currently is general agreement about what constitutes a good practice and these ide as have been drawn together in the curriculum guidance for the foundation stage in England. The key areas are Adults and children, the curriculum and the environment. Children and adults Children are active learners, they engage with adults, materials, events and ideas in immediate, direct and meaningful ways, adults are skilled and trained and understand how children learn and develop. Children are viewed as a whole and their individual needs are met. Adult observe and assess childrens progress and are able to respond appropriately.Imagination and symbolic play are seen as very important. The curriculum There is a balanced between adult initiated and children self chosen activities, well planned and purposeful play is seen as the most important vehicle for learning. A brad balanced, well panned relevant and appropriate learning curriculum is provided, a wide range of activities and equipment is available indoors and outdoors and the equality of opportunity and access to learning fo r all children are essential. The environment A well organised, safe, stimulating, secure and reassuring environment is provided and positive relationships with parents are maintained.pic Bibliography Beaver M, Brewster J, Jones P, Keene A, Neaum S, Tallack J, 1999, Babies and Young Children Book2, 2nd edition Early Years Care and Education, Stanely Thornes (Publishers) Ltd Bruce T. , 2004, Developing learning in early childhood (0-8), Paul Chapman Publishing, A Sage publications company London. Bruce T & Meggitt C, 2007, CACHE Level3 Award Certificate Diploma in childcare and education, London, Hodder Education. Edwards C. P. , 2002, Three Approaches from Europe Waldorf, Montessori, and Reggio Emilia, Early Childhood Research and Practice, Volume 4 Number 1, 2002.Grisham-Brown J. (? ) INFLUENCES ON EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, Early childhood development, Education. com Holachek K. , 2007, The benefits of choice education How Piaget theories of Cognitive development in children sup port the Montessori system, (? ) Hucher K. & Tassoni P, 2005, professional development Planning play and the Early years (2nd Edition), Oxford, Heinemann Educational publishers Sagarin S. K. , 2009, The Seer and the Scientist Rudolf Steiner and Jean Piaget on Childrens Development, JOURNAL for Waldorf/R. Steiner Education Vol. 11. 1, May 2009.

Critical Evaluate Maslow’s Theory of Hierarchy of Needs

Critically measure out Maslows hierarchy of ask as way of understanding employee motivation in contemporary Chinese stemma Nowadays, the great unwashed resources have been considered as an important task. To focus on that employees emotional motivator have always been considered as a standard to predict companions future tendency of development. (Hurst, 1995) Peoples motivation factors and uses have become to play a more signifi micklet role in ripe firms, which is every boss cared.In todays China, many local and multinational cooperation companies have expanded their dimensions Maslows hierarchy of demand has been employ in their benignant recourses management to restore their staffs. Although many people do non think Maslows theory is a good way to deal with the motivation in China, there are many firms employ Maslows theory to gain a good cycle of motivation. For Chinese companies, to adopt Maslows hierarchy of needs theory as an appropriate dodging to motivate emplo yees working motive power.This essay will state the introduction of Maslows theory of hierarchy of needs, and evaluate it. Then, to combine with Chinese firms case and to finish off, the Maslows motivation theory is good enough to be adopted as a solution of the staffs motivation. Maslows hierarchy of needs has reflected different kinds of human beings need. According to Maslow (1943), hierarchy of needs has divided peoples needs into five layers, which have been stated from the fundamentals to the tops physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and self-actualisation.Physiological is the basic things that people need, however, nobody can be live without this factor which upkeep human physiological drive called necessities. If someone can gain a enough heart to eat and wear, the more thing they need is safety, which guarantee their tighten of lives and finance. Love and belonging always stand for a kind of perception of affiliation, which can give a person a kind of smooth wh imsey in emotion. The Esteem and self-actualisation are the two much higher division of the hierarchy of needs.They stand for the large satisfying which given by other people and themselves. The higher hierarchies are based on the satisfaction of lower hierarchies, if the basic layers cannot be satisfied, the higher layers are prattles. There also exist many criticisms of Maslows hierarchy of needs theory. Although Wahba and Brudwell (1976) have stated that there exist no evident which can prove there is exist the hierarchy of needs, the hierarchies are not equal to inexistence and the layers are evident to ju dge which is human being appreciate to do and those rarely to own.According to Kenrick(2010), to classify what is the higher hierarchy is prattle. The sexual needs has been considered as biological needs and been classified in physiological. If it is acceptable that Maslow has stated, which will mean that people solve their sexual need by masturbation as by having discourse i s the difference between the people in different levels of hierarchy of needs. As well as Hofstede (1984) also doubted that the pyramid system which the hierarchy of needs has used is based on ethnocentric and does not care the setting of individualism and collectivism.In fact, for a collectivism people, to master the collective benefit maximization is equal to come near their self-actualization in the whole group. It can also explain the reason why Maslows theory can be also used for the people who elect to trust collectivism. In fact, Maslows theory has been widely used in different countries company as a strategy of motivation such as Tesco (The Times 100, 2009), which is the largest retailer in UK, with large human resources all over the world.To the staff of Tesco, the welfare providing by company is not just enough net but the work atmosphere. Exactly as Herzburg (1968) has stated that fixed reason that lead to job satisfactions which is related to Maslows theory of motiva tion. Moreover, Management Trainee plan can be processes which can help people achieve self-actualization that attracts the employees to enter the company. Chinese companies also prefer to adopt Maslows hierarchy of needs theory as a strategy to motivate workers impetus.With Chinas development and communication with world, culture diversity is on the process. Although there always stated China is calm influenced by collectivism, in todays Chinese society, individualism and collectivism are coexisting. According to Hofstede (1984), Maslows theory is based on his individualism background it can also prove that Maslows theory is acceptable and available to Chinese firms. Moreover, for Chinese firms, Maslows theory is a good strategy to motivate employees emotion.In China Mobile, a most famous company in China which is the leader of the whole telecommunication industry, esteem and self-actualization are the two most affect ways to depict motivation. China mobile has bring home the ba cond a series of fully optimized class for their employees to improve their quality of work ability and build up a kind of competitive selection of the outstanding workers to let them achieve their self-actualization which is correspond to Maslows theory. According to China Mobile (n. d. , they have been considered as the most pattern employers by Chinese university student in mainland China. It can also approve that the strategy is correct to use Maslows hierarchy of needs as the theoretical fundamental to motivate their workers that the numbers of their employees has always raised to 164,336. (China Mobile, n. d. ) In addition, The China National Offshore Oil kitty (CNOOC) is also combined their motivating strategy with the Maslows hierarchy of needs. CNOOC (n. d. ) has presented comprehensive training programs to give the opportunities to employees for self-development.Although the competitive is enormous and hot, the compensation packages are enough to guarantee that they can gain esteem from others and provide enough opportunities to achieve self-actualization. In conclusion, the essay has proved that although Maslows hierarchy of needs theory has been considered that there exist such a number of issues by some people, such as Hofstede and Wahba (1976), it can still be adopted as a good strategy of motivation. Maslows theory not solo can use by western countries, but also can used in Chinese company.The main reason is that theory can make people achieve their value in working and make the work more efficiently if the employees have been inspired. China Mobile as a big company in telecommunication industry has proved as it success in motivating their workers competitive mood and give a platform for the workers to achieve their dream, in another word, they can achieve their self-actualization. To finish off, despite Maslows hierarchy of needs theory is not consummate enough, it can be used as a good strategy to motivate Chinese employees.Word Count 108 2 References China Mobile (n. d. ) Online Available from China National Offshore Oil Corporation (n. d. ) Online Available from Herzberg, F. (1968). One more time how do you motivate employees?. Harvard Business Review 46 (1) 5362. Hofstede, G (1984). The cultural relativity of the quality of life concept. Academy of Management Review 9 (3) 389398. Business School Press, Boston, MA. Hurst, D. K. (1995), Crisis and Renewal Meeting the Challenge of Organisational Change, HarvardKenrick, D. (2010). Rebuilding Maslows pyramid on an evolutionary foundation. psychological science Today Health, Help, Happiness + Find a Therapist. Online Available from Maslow, A. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-396. Retrieved from The Times 100 (2009). Motivational theory in make out at Tesco. Online Available from Wahba, A Bridwell, L (1976). Maslow reconsidered A review of research on the need hierarchy theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance (15) 212240.

Research Bank Sohar

Research Project Contents Table ContentsPage bet Acknowledgement Abstract Action Plan Chapter 1 world 1. 1Introduction 1. 2Rationale of the Study 1. 3Objectives of the Study Chapter 2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2. 1 Introduction to the comp either 2. 2 Meaning of the topic 2. 3 Objectives and enquiry of the topic 2. diverse types of employee want Chapter 3 METHOD OF RESEARCH 3. 1 Design of the study 3. 2 Methods of collected information 3. 3 Types of research 3. 4 Sample sizing af justd in reference 3. 5 Limitation 3. 6 Analyzing the data Chapter 4 FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS 4. 1 Findings 4. 2 Recommendations Conclusion Bibliography ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAt the out desex, I would like to convey my Guide who explained to me about this Research Project in a very clear manner and assisted me at every step in end it successfully, and my give thankss argon especi totallyy due to for all his coope balancen, in spite of his heavy schedules of cream, and the Trainer who was very helpful in p roviding me with accurate communicateation to use in this Research, and I convey my thanks to all the colleagues who cooperated with me by participating in the research by way of responding to my interviews and to the questionnaires which helped to lead me to findings and conclusions. Finally I thank all the people whoever helped me and stood by me to provide all the askful assistance to my requirement. ABSTRACT The productivity of the stave depends upon many factors for the stick. Humans be complex beings which need continuous motivation to work without being burdened. Therefore, the Human Resources Department should non only if impart motivational triggers but in any case should encourage the assorted groups of the faculty to maintain a wellnessy competition these en sure a continuous boosting of the staffs energy levels.Dedication and loyalty to the company shtup also be cultured by providing staff with encouraging means to educate themselves as well as the company. Th e staff which feels comfortable with the rim lead marvellous shift to another(prenominal) banks. Dedicated employees leaveingly work for the bank. By comparing with other banks, the bank should modify its policys and plans so as to non only attract more(prenominal) customers but also attract more staff from the other banks. Motivation therefrom plays an important role thus in maintaining a productive staff. A dedicated staff will anticipate not only customers needs but also try to develop bank through innovative ideas. This research is conducted to study the motivational aspects of strand Sohar.The findings of the study demonstrate that proper strategies and right procedures atomic number 18 followed in this intrust Sohar. ACTION think ID Task Name Start Finish Duration 1 Introduction Discussion with the guide about the topic. Determine the requirement and target argona. Prepare questionnaires. Planning for interview and making interview. Determine and justify the rese arch methodology. 2 Literature Review 3 Data collection Determine and justify the research methodology. Collection of two primary and secondary dates by appropriate methods. Selection and preparing detailed and relevant objectives. 4 Analysis of the research project Analysis and interpretation of data and aspect at the research into specified areas. Making reviews with the guide regarding the project. 5 Documentation Prepare the full project in one accept format. Present and evaluate findings and recommendations. 6 Presentation Chapter 1 1. 1 Introduction depose Sohar was established on 9 April 2007. Although it is a very short date since it started its operations, it has been an extraordinary magazine as this sweet bank changed the ground rules for banking in Oman. Dr Mohammed Abdul Aziz Kalmoor, the CEO of the bank declared this year that their income of operating profit showed up a 31. 3% increase in 2010 from that of 2009. The banks net loans and advances grew by 14% in th e last year. Customer deposits have augmented by 20% in 2010. depone Sohar has introduced kind pecuniary solutions for everything from the purchase of cars to higher education. Their change magnitude network has attached it an added presence and opportunity to reach out their customers. Their new branches in prime locations of the county have given the bank an edge in the market and strengthened its maculation in the banking sector of the economy. Bank Sohar has developed a tradition of meeting the customers from different move of the country at informal gatherings and road shows. This has turned out to be a model for modern marketing. Bank Sohar believes that customer comfort is the critical heartbeat for banks success.All the decision-making processes at Bank Sohar are taken up by its finance team which assists the executive management and the board in planning and provides information and critical analysis of the Banks movement on a continuous basis. It is committed to p roviding quality banking solutions to help customers achieve their financial refinements. A small example is that it is the Bank Sohar which introduced for the first time the cash deposit facility through their ATMs. All other banks in Oman emulated this bank soon. By adopting a lifecycle approach to the household sector they have created value-added function such as respective(a) savings deposits options, mortgages, consumer lending, insurances and wealth management products etc. In addition, they take for their clientele of small and medium entrepreneurs well informed of the market growths that may affect their enterprises.Bank Sohar always tries to tailor its services to suit the requirements of not only individual customers but also potential customer groups like the business communities. Thus they adopt sector-specific approach to corporate banking. As the network of the bank has increased through opening of several new branches, staff strength has automatically increased to over 500 by the end of 2010. Banks Omanisation ratio has steadily improved to 88% year after year. These achievements are due to the efficient management of human resources at the bank. The Human Resource Management (HRM) of Bank Sohar has been strengthening the profile of the bank by implementing its strategic goals through best international practices in human resource management.The bank encourages its staff to expose to the new and rapidly changing areas of banking industry. Facilities for learning and developing professional experience are regularly arranged by the staff at different levels. In short, Bank Sohar female genitals be described as a bank, deeply committed to delivering excellent services with convenience and integrity to their customers. In no time it is sure to achieve their vision statement One stop financial super mall having boutiques of products and services across heterogeneous segments, each with a unique set of propositions 1. 2 Study the rationale As an employee in the Bank Sohar, I have the soulfulnessal knowledge and understanding of the banks organization and its activities. Bank Sohar is he fastest upcoming bank in our country. It follows its own system to deal with the customers directly. Everybody working in this bank like me is treated respectfully and cordially. Their word can be said to be the main key for the progress of our bank during this short span of five years. 1. 3 Goals of the study The main goal of this study is to recognize the methods of motivating and encouraging the staff at Bank Sohar. Also it is to identify what makes the Bank Sohar achieve success in all branches in general and in Ruwi growth in particular. Chapter 2 2. 1 Introduction to the company At Bank Sohar, banking is made easy.All the employees in the bank are committed to making the banking experience much smooth and efficient. Bank Sohar is well-reputed for its open and communicative relationship with the customers. They know that you are the best possible source to inform them the best way to cater your needs. Here you get specialized divisions ready to serve you. Customers requirement and queries are met by specialized kindred bus of the concerned division. They also try to solve all your banking issues with a click. With their e-Channels, your bank has become portable. Accessing your bank account has been made easy as you can access through the ATMs, Internet.Customers can also have online connectivity to their account through mobile phones. They offer a wide range of treasury services to large(p) corporate clients, small and medium enterprises and various government incisions and fund managers. RO clearing and settlement RO payments to Bank Sohar accounts as well as to accounts at other banks having a presence in Oman Treasury and Foreign Exchange related services Local cheque collection Prompt query handling High stage of automation and straight-through processing On-line view only access to your acc ount 2. 2 The meaning of the topic Employee motivation plays vital role in the development of the company in many ways. ttp//www. managementstudyguide. com/importance_of_motivation. htm 2. 3Objectives and research of the topic Bank Sohar provides the opportunities improvement to the productive staff. Its in general trying to recognize the achievements and to earn more profitable results which depends on the on the quality of staff consummation, thats why it always tries to provide their employees a frank environment in order to progress someoneal growth. Bank Sohar gives importance to the group interest which is placed above the individual level. The officials at the bank always treat their customers, suppliers and even their colleagues very sensibly and objectively.Behind all of the mentioned above, the following points are the main objectives of Bank Sohar which they are always trying to keep specific principles to help in improving their performance Provide powerful and saf e workplace. Make sure that the work environment is preventing the disabled people work practices and dont present the prejudices and unreasonable barriers for which they are qualified at bottom the bank. Decrease the number of contribution for employees which can be made to the organization. Recruit and return the right staff at the right time to the right place to work. Promote the qualified and skilled staff based on there performance very fairly, which will gain their trust of fair treatments. 2. Different types of employee motivation 1. Thanks award letter Bank Sohar awards their staff monthwise by choosing the employee of the month, quarter and end of the year ,so that it provides them a voucher and including a Shukran (Thank You) divide Letter. Example Mr / Ms Bank Sohar, Danq single out NSC Department ,Oman 20 February 2010 Dear, Shukran (Thank You) for your initiative and effectual support. Congratulations and thank you for your hard work. We hope that your willingness and initiative serve as an example to your colleagues. We appreciate your commitment and dedication in cooperating the department in the absence of two staff who have re sign(a).You demonstrated that you were willing to shoulder supernumerary responsibility and support the smooth running of the department. In token of our appreciation, this Bank Sohar awards you a Shukran Certificate, Smiley Badge and a Gift voucher. Yours Sincerely, HEAD HUMAN RESOURCE DEPT. 2. spacious Term Services Award Upon the completion of 10, 20 and 30 years, staff will be given the following awards 30 Years Certificate signed by the Group Chairman, a gift of the employees choice (Approximately cost USD 1,000) and one months basic salary. 20 Years Printed Certificate signed by the Deputy Chairman & CEO, Bank Sohar. 10 Years Printed Certificate signed by the Area CEO. 3. Training Overall AimTo establish and maintain a key competitive advantage, Bank Sohar is committed to investing in human resources develop ment through relevant ,planned and systematic culture and other activities, which will set up directly to the achievements of Banks business objectives, as well as meeting the demands of the Omanisation process. The basic training will be conducted by the Learning and Development Manager. Where required, regional training centre trainers at Muscat will conduct courses throughout Oman depending on the training needs. In addition, staff may be nominated to attend various training course held in Muscat and the group training at the Management Development Centre, Liverpool ,UK.External training may also be provided primarily through College of Banking and Financial Studies and other local institutes in Muscat, Salalah etc. On the traffic training may also be arranged, if line managers identify any such needs. Details of the training courses are available on the intranet or may be obtained from the Learning and Development Manager. 4. Career Development Employees retiring within two years from the date of drawing up or reviewing the rotation plan will be exempt from further job rotation unless it is deemed necessary to permit the rotation of others. Should line managers be unable to rotate any of their staff in accordance with these road maps he or she must justify the exceptions ensuring that the department head supports the exceptions made. In small or specialist departments such as HR,TSY, Legal, IT or for translators ,job rotation may have to be less frequent than the guideline suggested above. 5. Retirement Staff will retire from Banks employment on attaining 60 years (for male staff) and 55 years (for female staff). This is not applicable to temporary employees. Your age is the number of years elapsed since the date of your birth as stated in your identify cards, birth certificate or passport. The bank will write to you not less than one month in advance confirming the date on which you will retire. End of services benefits will be handled in accordance w ith the laws regulations of Public Authority for Social Insurance. 6. End of services benefits For the OmanisPension Scheme Bank will pay 10% of the monthly deducted salary and contributes to the pension scheme of the retired Omani employees who will be receiving their monthly pension as per the rules and regulations of PASI. For the Expatriate employees Terminal Benefit Bank will pay the expatriate employee a gratuity at the of half a months basic salary for the first five years of service, which will be granted at the time of quitting the job. 7. Occupational Health & Safety at Work Making sure that they protect there staff health and safety at work is requirement . We make the same commitment to our customers and any other visitors who come into our branches or offices.Its the Banks objective is to promote a healthy working environment and a high level of safety management and fire prevention. As an employee of the bank, you have a major(ip) responsibility for maintaining health ,safety and fire precaution guidelines of the work place. These are essentially to Take reasonable care for your own health and safety and those who may be affected by your action. To follow any laid down procedures and guidelines communicated to you. To bring to the attention of management any defects in the building, electrical system and machinery. Chapter 3 3. 1 Design of the study first-string Data This is the data acquired through the distribution of questionnaires and from the personal interviews.The personal interviews are always not possible and require more time. Therefore, Primary data is the un-analysed data obtained from research methods. Secondary Data The data which on analysis gives perception and information to the grounds of research is called Secondary data. This data is classified into qualitative and quantitative whence the Secondary data is important for the formation of new grounds in the research. 3. 2 Methods of the collecting data Primary Data 1. Questio nnaire It is a list of questions containing all the possible parameters that the detective wants to consider. It is the easiest and fastest way to do a research.The advantage is that only desired fields are considered and hence the data obtained is more focused. 2. Interview In this type, the researcher communicates with the employee or customer for their opinions and thus researcher can obtain personal opinions of the fields that the researcher wants consider. But the data is not focused. 3. Observation Observation is the method in which the researcher observes the fields without interfering with the process. The researcher deduces the data from his utterance. This does not require peeping for contacts. 4. Experimentation Its a technique used to do the investigations, which will observe the changing and find out where the influences are including the regards. Secondary Data Magazines -Business right away Magazine (April 2011) Times of Oman (dated 23 April 2011) Internet website s www. banksohar. com www. zawya. com www. ameinfo. com (http//www. humanresources. hrvinet. com/questionnaire-method/) Books Booklet of summery review of Bank Sohars Brand and Values in 2009 (Provided by the HR) 3. 3 Types of research Questionnaires In Bank Sohar, the service quality is of utmost importance. To achieve this many strategies are used. The Human Resources Department of Bank Sohar mostly uses questionnaires to collect the data from both the employees and customers. This method, as mentioned above, is easy and efficient.The data thus collected is then further analysed. Such method helps the bank to review its performance and also to know of the popularity of its various services. 1. In semblance with other banks does Bank Sohar provide you best way to get staff motivation A. Yes B. nearly times C. No D. At all 2. What do you think Bank Sohar should focus to achieve more staff motivation? A. Promotions B. Rewarding system C. Salary review D. All above 3. Is Bank Soha r providing the following selections to their employees fairly? A. Yearly bonus B. Promotions C. Increment of allowances D. Pension 4. Compared with other local banks, Bank Sohar provides good conditions to ts staff? A. Yes B. No C. No comments D. No make 5. What makes you feel proud to work for Bank Sohar? A. Work environment B. Policies and conditions C. Team Work D. Rewards system 6. Does your current position satisfy your motivation level use the specific conditions? A. Yes B. No C. Sometimes D. No comments 7. Which of the following banks would you like to apply in future? A. Current bank (Bank Sohar) B. Bank Muscat C. HSBC D. Nothing from the above. 1. Do you think that the bank is providing you a very fair performance appraisal? Yes they are discussing with us before confirming Human Resources about the final performance results. They are using a very fair system where you can load what you have done during the year including the extra improvements, so it will be very clear for them to apprise each one among the bank. 2. Is Bank Sohar setting a fair targets for each staff? Actually there are approximately people in the management departments dividing the work not in order to be covered by all staff, so in this some of the staff will feel demotivated as he will be pressurized in compare with others. 3. Does you line manager update you about your performance from time to time? Yes, whenever any mistake is done he will keep me updated and insure that it wont happen again. 4. Does Bank Sohar provide you a chance to develop your skills? Actually, they are always promoting an online courses which you can go through it any time, but before the due dates. They are sending their staff for external courses in the College of Banking and Finance. In addition they also provide us chances to graduate with higher diploma certificates for such specialized subjects. They are rewarding their staff annually one person from one department by sending them for an attachmen t to one of the Europe branches, in order to learn more and gain more knowledge. 4. What are the returns which you can provide to the bank if you are slaked with them? I will do my best to increase the number of quality customers which will help in increase the profit of the bank.Also I will be proud in front of my family and friends to work for the bank in order to keep a good view for people who are thinking to apply for the same bank specially qualified and experienced people. 3. 4 Sample size used in interview method as follows Sl NoOrganisationDesignationName of the Employee 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Loan Department Salary & Deposit Cards Department Corporate Department Remittance Assistant Officer Manager Officer Manager Ibrahim Issa Ibrahim Al Zidjali Yusuf Suleiman Salem Al Wahibi Anas Hamad Seif Al Wahibi Juma Rashid Juma Al Saadri Fahma Al Mugheini Sl. noLocationCustomer/StaffName of the Employee 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 3 0 Main beginning Main Branch Main Branch Qurum Branch Qurum Branch Main Branch Al Sarooj Branch Al Khuwair Branch Al Khuwair BranchMain Branch Al Khuwair Branch Al Seeb Branch Al Khuwair Branch Al Khuwair Branch MQ Branch Main Branch Al Khuwair Branch Qurum Branch Qurum Branch Main Branch MQ Branch MQ Branch MQ Branch Main Branch Al Seeb Branch Al Seeb Branch Main Branch Main Branch Main Branch Qurum Branch Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Employee Eyas Sayid Saud Al Mashri Sara Teasdale Iman Seif Al Lamki Tariq Mohd. Al Balushi Assim Ahmed Ali Al WahibiAbdul Aziz Abdullah Al Wahibi Abdullah Ahmed Al Wahibi Abdullah Siddik Al Balushi Narjees Saad Al Harthy Abdullah Mohd. Al Balushi Amina Seif Al Mussallum Majd Salem Saleem Al Wahibi Mohd. Salem Khamis Al Sai thani Mohd. Salem Mohd. Al Wahibi Mohd. Mubarak Sayid Al Oufi Mohd. Mousa Yahya Al Harbi Mohd Nasser Humeid Al Badaae Masoud Salem Al Harthy Frhat Ali Al Zidjali Nadia Issam Al Balushi Dawood Ibrahim ASalmi Ali Salem Al Shammaqi Salem Manal Al Tourqi Juma Rashid Juma Al Saadri Hussain Sayid Al Lawati Saad Salem Al Balushi Sayid Rashid Mohd Al Oufi Saifuddin Hisham Aziz Diwidaar Seif Sayid Nasser Al Wahibi Yusuf Yaqub Al Alaawi 3. 5 LimitationNo matter what method the researcher uses, there are always certain disadvantages. And moreover, in most cases the time is limited and therefore it becomes hard to manage the collection and analysis of data. Other limitations that I faced are Some information about the bank is not accessible and is vexed to find As I chose the method of interview I got mixed up answers. As the level of knowledge and skill differ from one person to another, the responses varied greatly. In order to trace the trend in my data, I had to use large numbers of sample s or interviewees. 3. 6 Analyzing the data 1. In comparison with other banks does Bank Sohar provide you best way to get staff motivation?Conclusion In the above chart it shows that most of the staff was satisfied with the motivational level which is been provided by Bank Sohar, as the negative answers are least chosen by the employees question (represented by C and D serial in graph) are not very satisfied with motivation. 2. What do you think Bank Sohar should focus more in order to achieve staff motivation Conclusion Bank Sohar, staff are not happy with their salary as it wasnt a good review for their salaries, but at least the rewarding system was playing a good part in their emotions. This can be easily understood by looking at the number who was happy with their salaries. 3.Is Bank Sohar providing the following selections to their employees fairly? Conclusion Bank Sohar staff are not happy at all with the pension policies,where the level of expiation in the yearly bonuses was covering that percentage of motivation level which follows the promotion level, then it decreased again in the allowances increments. 4. Compared with other local banks, Bank Sohar provides good conditions to its staff? Conclusion Bank Sohar staff is happy with the conditions which are provided to them as the calculation was very high in that level. Where some of them only are not satisfied at all, and at the lowest level was calculating in no nswers as most of them didnt answer the question. 5. What makes you feel proud to work for Bank Sohar? Conclusion The level of team work satisfaction was very high amongst Bank Sohar staff as one of the banks aims is to create a good environment and a strong team work, as it shown in the results that they are happy with that strategy. 6. Does your current position satisfy your motivation level using the conditions? Conclusion Bank Sohar staff are very happy with the conditions provided to them in their current passion where it was fluctua ting between no answers and no comments, but in general they are happy with the conditions provided to them. 7.Which of the following banks would you like to apply in future? Conclusion The staff are mostly satisfied and wish to continue working in the same environment in Bank Sohar. They are not satisfied to work with other banks in comparison. The highest result was calculating for Bank Sohar, so in general they are satisfied with the future chances which are provided to them. Chapter 4 4. 1 Findings On referring the observation depicted in the graphs, the human resources department of Bank Sohar is taking appropriate steps for maintaining the motivational levels of the employees. It closely monitors the employees and then relates their levels to their performances.The staff is happy with the policies and conditions provided to them and the staff satisfaction is in high levels. Highest levels of staff satisfaction in the bank can be achieved through continuous comparison the facil ities which are provided to their staff with those of other banks, thus the bank will be able to identify the positive triggers which attract employees and consumers. The bank through this can identify its weak areas. Therefore the bank should look after other banks issues seriously and try to learn to not commit same mistakes and plan wisely to leap in the market. Some other measures to ensure staff motivation include The bank should do salary review from time to time. By improving the level of motivational facilities such as increase the level of allowances, promotions, more development skills programs and rewarding system show positive levels of motivation. Throughout the year, the staff is to be updated regularly about their performance. The bank needs to do more comparison with its competitor banks in term of motivating their staff. In general Bank is doing a very good job and they are always trying to motivate their staff and try to keep them for ever specially the experienced and skilled people. 4. 2 Recommendation 1. Regular analyze is necessary to measure the motivational levels of the staff. This enables management to update various hindrances which cause de-motivation. 2.Personal opinion gatherings are essential to make the bonds between the management and employees which is essential for long term performance development. 3. By increasing the factors that cause the motivation, the company can instill motivation. For example vouchers limit can be enhanced. 4. By involving various levels of employees in the meetings to induce motivation into the lower levels of employees and help in overall staff development. 5. By sending the staff to other institutions for development and other educational programs, the motivation levels can be increased. Conclusion Motivation level can be developed easily in Bank, as the management should keep in their minds that they are dealing with humans who need a special and very respective standard level.Generally managem ent should follow a proper strategy in treating their staff by following the right procedures so as to intensify motivation and competition. Bank Sohar prioritizes the motivation of the employees as an important aspect in the whole banks functioning. The Human Resources Department of the bank regularly surveys and finds various ways to ensure the continuity of the motivational levels among the staff. The bank well understands that healthy competition and motivational are vital for dedicated performance. Bibliography www. banksohar. com www. zawya. com www. ameinfo. com http//www. humanresources. hrvinet. com/questionnaire-method/ Business Today Magazine (April 2011) Times of Oman (dated 23 April 2011)

Individual WileyPlus Exercises Essay

1. Brief Exercise BE1-7. Indicate which statement you would examine to find each of the following items income statement, balance sheet, bear earnings statement, or statement of cash flows.2. Brief Exercise BE1-8. Use the basic accounting equation to answer these questions.(a) The liabilities of Cummings Company are $90,000 and the stockholders right is $230,000. What is the amount of Cummings Companys total assets?(b) The total assets of Haldeman Company are $170,000 and its stockholders equity is $90,000. What is the amount of its total liabilities?(c) The total assets of Dain Co. are $800,000 and its liabilities are oppose to one-fourth of its total assets. What is the amount of Dain Co.s stockholders equity?3. Brief Exercise BE1-9. At the beginning of the course of study, Fuqua Company had total assets of $800,000 and total liabilities of $500,000.(a) If total assets increased $150,000 during the year and total liabilities decreased $80,000, what is the amount of stockholders equity at the extirpate of the year?(b) During the year, total liabilities increased $100,000 and stockholders equity decreased $70,000. What is the amount of total assets at the end of the year.(c) If total assets decreased $90,000 and stockholders equity increased

Is Children’s Development a Universal Staged Process or a Social and Cultural Process?

There be three main approaches to tiddler ontogenesis, the scientific, the loving constructionist and the applied approach. Each of these approaches look at babyrens development from a contrastive stand point. I will go on to explore each approach in turn and how they can help us answer the above question. The scientific approach to child development planks to explain the facts about child development. It does this by devising theories which argon then tested finished observations and experiments. A classic example of this is Jean Piaget (1896-1890) who was one of the most influential theorists in child development.Piaget built up a theory about how childrens thinking develop this is usually referred to as his theory on Cognitive development. He proposed that children do non gradually increase their thinking might only if that they go through a series of stages or transformations in their thinking. Piaget (1932) proposed that there are 4 main stages in a childrens developm ent sensor-motor (approximately 0-2yrs), pre-operational (approximately 2-6 yrs), cover operational (approximately 6-12 yrs) and formal operational (12 yrs and over).His approach can be seen today in how the curriculum is sequenced in civilises and in the rise of childrens centres a beat the UK. Piaget utilize many similar experiments to go his theory. Examples are, children were asked to compare balls of plasticine after one had been rolled into a sausage another was for children to compare rows of counters where one row had been stretched into a longitudinal line. In each case the younger children appeared to reason that the amount of counters or plasticine had also changed. (Light and Oates, 1990, PP. 101-106).He was trying to show that children arent less cognitively developed than adults but they actually think differently. In many of Piagets experiments he tried to show how & at what stage do children see things from anothers point of view. One very famous experiment was a construction of a model of 3 mountains. The largest gray and snow capped, the middle sized brownish with a red cross on it and the smallest was green with a house on top. Children were then asked to sit on one side of the model with a doll at the opposite side. They were asked to arrange three pieces of cardboard shaped like the mountains.They they were asked to chose the dolls view from 10 pictures and finally what the doll would see from other view points. Children younger than about 7 were unable to see things from another view point. Piagets claims were bold and his theories and experiments have been criticized by developmental theorists. developmental theorists now do it that a childs development is far more complex than the 4 stages Piaget supported. Lawrence Kohlberg (1927-1987) used Piagets stage of development as a starting point to suppose a theory about childrens moral development.He used moral dilemmas to study how children develop the capacity to make moral judgment s. Kholberg (Kholberg 1967) proposed that there are 6 stages or levels to a childs moral development, these are grouped into 3 levels with 2 stages in each preconventional, conventional and principled. It is extremely rare to progress back in stages and each stage must be completed to move onto the next as each stage is more complex than the last. In Kholbergs experiments children were given moral dilemmas about right and wrong to discover at what stage a child reaches different levels of cognitive capacity.Kholberg and his team started testing 75 boys in the US and went back and tested them at intervals as they grew into adulthood. However, this was not a cross section of US children as no girls were tested. The data from these scientific studies can be used to assess when a child knows right from wrong. These and similar techniques are used today to carry out assessments for courts deciding whether a child can be held criminally answerable. The social constructionist view of chil d development looks at the ways that puerility is experienced in different situations and circumstances.Different cultures, religions and social scotch conditions have different expectations and beliefs around childhood. These have also been different passim history. For example in Victorian Britain, children were expected to work in the home, field, streets or in factories. However in modern Britain we expect our children to spend much of their childhood learning at school. Another example is, Mayas (U212 Video 1, band 1) experiences of childhood in the poor area Chittagong being different to the twins Yasir and Yamins experiences in middle class Chittagong.Each have different expectations of their roles within society according to their social boundaries, gender, family and beliefs. Central to the social constructionist approach is the concept of competing discourses of childhood. A discourse is a particular way of thinking or a particular view point that is influenced by our ge nder, language, history, beliefs, experiences and social boundaries. There are legion(predicate) discourses but a romantic discourse sees children as inherently good a child would only do terrible things if damaged in just about way.Contrary to this is the puritanical discourse which sees the child as inherently evil, doing evil things because they are wicked and need punishing. Using the social constructionist view allows us to recognise that a child who is a killer can be seen through these two very different discourses either needing therapy or needing punishment. Social constructionists are not about applying facts and time frames to child development, neither is it just about there being different realities created by the way people think and make scent out of children.It goes far deeper by exploring what these different realities mean in terms of our moral consequences, what we expect, what we believe our outcomes can be and more importantly what our outcomes cant be, what is occult from our view and what we are prevented from doing by our constructed society. Rex Stainton Rogers (1992) says of a socially constructed world But what about childhood? For example. The children of Longwitten have come to understand that they have to go to school, that the human made thing down the road is a school, that certain activities belong in he classroom, and others in the playground, and so on. The social world whole kit and boodle because we share common understandings. Stanton Rogers says (1992) that it is taken for granted that children will go to school and that this appears normal and the right thing to do in our socially constructed world, and that sometimes we conk out to question or imagine anything else outside of this. The third approach is the applied approach. This focuses on practical issues of childhood such as how should we parent out children, what support and services might we need in order to protect them.The applied approach relies on both th e scientic and social constructionist approaches when applying theory and research to social policy, the truth and professional practise. I have already looked at the romantic and puritan discourses. The romantic discourse believes that children are naturally good, therefore children who commit crime should be rehabilitated which Stuart Asquith (1996) describes as the Welfare model and the puritan discourse the Justice model. The welfare model looks at children who do wrong as doing so because they have been ill-treat / deprived or having been disadvantaged in some way.These children need nurturing and need our care to overcome these disadvantages. The Justice model looks as children as being obligated when they reach an age where they can be held partially accountable for their crimes. These children need to be treated as criminals and punished accordingly. Asquiths applied approach draws on both the scientific aspects of childrens moral development and the social constructionis t view on how culture and society affect us as humans.. In tone at all three approaches it is clear that they are all complex and interplay greatly with each other.The scientific approach concentrates on identifying universal stages of childrens development. These are a series of stages which all children pass through from immaturity to maturity. The danger is that these can result in a picture of a universal child which is mainly based on a western culture. There is scientific research to determine when a child can be morally responsible for a crime and scientific research has produced lots of data on what reformatory regimes appear to work for young offenders. But we must remember that the child is not a passive participant in this research.The outcomes will depend on both the researchers and childs social constructions of their worlds. In contrast the social constructionists view is that immaturity and maturity are complex constructs that we have made for ourselves depending on a whole range of outside influences, these will be different for each one of us. Children do not develop autonomously from culture and society and take many different routes to maturity depending on many things including gender, culture, religion, and their social and economic circumstances in which they find themselves.

Hidalgo Resturant, Inc: Succeeding As An Entrepreneur Essay

I. VISIONA. Vision StatementFor every unitary who works with us to disc all over in themselves their talent and their potential and to build relationship with each oppositeB. CommentsVision instructions should answer the question What do we want to become. But Hidalgos vision statement does not answer that question. It doesnt even abduce what kind of origin they are into.C. Proposed Vision StatementTo be the preferred eatery of Filipinos and expatriates, providing total guest satisfaction through character, service, cleanliness, and value.II. MISSIONA. care StatementHidalgo Restaurant, Inc. doesnt view got specific mission statementB. CommentsA Mission Statement reflects the companys core purpose, identity, values and principle contrast aims. A Mission is de fined as Purpose, reason for being. Defined simply Who we are and what we do.Mission statements should accept nine (9) components which are (1) customers, (2) products or services (3) grocery stores, (4) technology, ( 5) Concern for survival, growth, and profitability, (6) philosophy, (7) self concept, (8) concern for public image, and (9) concern for employees.C. Proposed Mission StatementWe are committed to provide total customer satisfaction and exceed customers expectations through setting the trend in raising the bar, to be the change agents contributing directly to the untaughts development, creating standards of excellence which every Filipino may aspire, to be in the business of building relationships and partnerships, among which one partner is the customer, in order to maximize earnings that will benefit our supplier, employees, and investors.III. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT compendThe restaurant sub- arena includes places that assist fodder and drinks, be it self-service or full-service. This covers a range of services including fine dining specialty restaurants, fast regimen outlets, canteens, and nutriment courts. In terms of its character to the national economy, the hotel and res taurant industry accounted for 1.35% of Philippines 1998 gross domestic product (PHP12 billion in GVA compared to the Philippines PHP889 billion gross domestic product during the period) and 1.28% of its national product (PHP12 billion in GVA compared to the PHP931 billion GNP). Moreover, the hotel and restaurant industry employed close to 1% (282,142) of the countrys 31,278,000 compass force during the same period. Meanwhile, the National Statistics Office (NSO) in 1994, classified 46,930 firms as belonging to the hotel and restaurant industry, employing a total of 221,954 people. At the time, each peso investment in labor contributed PHP4.40 to the industrys total output while each peso investment yielded a PHP1.27 contribution to the same.A. Economic ForcesRestaurant patrons cross all economic groups. Fast foods and food courts cater to all income classes. strong point fine dining restaurants, generally target the A, B, and C crowd. The proliferation of one-stop shopping malls that offer various recreational facilities and comforts is also an important growth factor. The heavy pedestrian traffic that the malls attract means big business for the restaurant industry, curiously the fast food sub-sector. Moreover, these malls spare the restaurant industry from spending extensive business development studies for their outlets mall magnates Henry Sy and John Gokongwei Jr. have established formidable track records in building malls. Finally, Filipino communities foreign are strong basis for the export of local restaurants and fast food technology. The presence of Goldilocks, Jollibee, Max, Red Ribbon, and Barrio Fiesta, among others, in the US, for example, is a result of demand from Filipino migrants longing for a essay for home.B. Social, Cultural, and Demographic ForcesThe urban population to which restaurants cater is largely made up of young people who have higher disposable incomes and who are more likely to experiment with different cuisine. Brand lo yalty is specially strong in the fast food sub-sector of the restaurant industry. Jollibee patrons, for example, generally stay loyal to the franchise heedless of price increases. Demand for dining out is associated with both the ever-expanding options available, and also with the number one reason roughly consumers use restaurants they provide a convenient, reasonably priced experience that offers better flavors and taste sensations than consumers can get at home. This has become particularly critical at a time when more and more women are unveiling the workforce and consequently have less time to prepare repasts at home. Moreover, the Philippine population is youth-oriented. roughly half of the estimated 75 million Filipinos are below 18. And since a large proportion of fast food consumers is between the ages of 16-24, the annual 2.3% population growth rate guarantees trade growth for the sub-sector.C. Political, Legal, and Governmental ForcesStrong offer of industry assoc iations and trade unions (i.e., Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines and the NWHUAI) enable the hotel industry, among other things, to undertake programs and projects that upgrade and professionalize the sector and to influence government regulatory policies/laws/rules affecting the industry.D. Technological ForcesInternational food chains and franchises facilitate transfer of technology in the local restaurant sub-sector. They provide training of potential employees and employ strict attribute control systems. In terms of availability of technology, the Philippine market is highly competitive with numerous products and bulls eyes offered at reasonable prices, and, therefore, allowing restaurant owners the luxury of choosing the type of technology that best suit their operations. Equipment purchasing decisions depend on the type of end-user. For instance, local single-unit restaurants need inexpensive equipment, so price is the main guiding factor. On the other han d, fine dining restaurants are willing to pay a premium for high quality, durability, after-sales service, cost effectiveness, prestigious supplier and fast delivery. Restaurant owners on a regular basis participate in local and international equipment trade fairs, allowing them gateway to the latest hotel equipment technology.E. Competitive ForcesThere are about 45,220 restaurant establishments in the domestic economy and about 80% of them belong to the fast food sub-sector. Food franchising is extremely popular. There are 1,057 franchised quick serve restaurants, 14 casual dining and theme restaurants, and 507 coffee shops, bakeries, and confectioneries.The industry in which the restaurant and fast food firms operate has increasing consumer demand for every improving product. The growth is proven by the rapid amplification of food outlets in key areas in Metro Manila and the provinces. The popularity of fast food establishments came in the 1980s, and over the last years, the in dustry has consistently posted double-digit growth rates. Competition is fierce in the restaurant industry, particularly the fast food sub-sector. The market is large but consumers are price conscious and exhibit flaw loyalty. With a wide range of restaurants and fast food establishments to choose from, pricing schemes and marketing strategies determine market shares. Market strategies of industry players, therefore, aim to achieve two primary objectives 1) hammer in value-for-money concepts and 2) create brand consciousness and loyalty.Market shares in the restaurants are won or lost in pricing. Industry players regularly offer price cuts and discounts to lure in new customers. Moreover, major players invest heavily in denote to create brand consciousness and loyalty. Marketing strategies include raffle draws, free gift items and specially prized meal combinations, discounted toys and school items for every certain minimum food purchase. Celebrity endorsements are used in the hop es that the market will identify with the endorser. Likewise, intense competition urges players to come up with new products to capture bigger market shares. Restauranteurs have to be keen at finding the latest food and wine concoctions here and abroad and adapting them to local taste. Targeting the Filipinos tastebuds, several fastfood chains that usually serve only western food have introduced items that appeal to the local markets palate.Raising quality standards and improving service have also been focal points of competition, particularly in the fast food sub-sector. Players give incentives and compensations to motivate employees to be efficacious on their jobs and thus help maintain the fast food outlets high standards of quality service and cleanliness. Also, a major importance in a fast food and restaurant is accomplished and friendly personnel. Not surprisingly, speedy service is among the more salient attributes people would highly expect from a fast food restaurant.

Do violent video games cause bad behavior? Essay

Does compete violent tv games pose a threat to the human child mind? Who can for dismount the little practical(prenominal) plumber, Super Mario, who squashed Goombas (mushroom shape deviants) and the Koopa Troopas (turtles with running shoes), hurled over Bullet Bills (missile- like creatures), avoided and or sometimes destroy the Piranha Plants (who hid in plumbing tubes) with special fire ball powers (that were acquired from a special plant that he consumed), this act of courage and valor was shown through various stages of the game, all in order to save the pin-up Princess Peach (ruler of the Mushroom Kingdom) from the ferocious, fire breathing, evil commander of the Koopa Troopas Bowser. Super Mario Bros was angiotensin-converting enzyme of the games that revolutionized the gaming industry, back in the early 80s. The game was sort of a comedic genre it withal had action, adventure and a allegory line behind it, which is what kept the musician(s) entertained. photograph games such as Super Mario Bros, a game that started it all, learn the bar high for all future goggle box games. The games of directly are very graphical, intense, exhilarating, and violent, but also at often times they can seem very realistic. Most of these games tend to allow the player to pretend or portray the type of character they would like such as goodness or bad, human or monster, etc. For example games such as Grand Theft Auto is a game in which the player(s) can go around kill opposite characters, steal things, do drugs, hook up prostitutes off the streets and absorb in certain activities.Although these contemporary games offer a sense of uplift and also a sense of adrenaline, the disparity between w here(predicate) video games started out offering and what is picked up today is startling. In a world that is so dependent and reliable on technology, society often tends to get too involved and addicted, that they cannot deter fantasy and real life. Craig Anderson Pro fessor of Iowa State University and author of Violent television Games and Other Media Violence argues that young children and teenagers should be deterred from violent video games, as they pose a spectacular threat to their psychological state of mind. On the some other hand, Henry Jenkins, an MIT Professor and author of verity Bytes ogdoad Myths about Video Games Debunk states that violentvideo games are not to blame, for the behavior of children. In Reality Bytes Eight Myths about Video Games Debunk by Henry Jenkins, Henry argues that violence in full general within our youth group, is at its all time low, meaning it has decreased over the days tremendously According to federal crime statistics, the rate of juvenile violent crime in the join States is at a 30 year low.Researchers find that the great unwashed serving time for violent crimes typically consume less media before committing their crimes than the average person in the general population (445). While on the othe r hand, Andersons research claims that, Early aggression researchers were interested in discovering how youth learn to be aggressive. Once they discovered observational learning takes place not only when youth see how people be postulate in the real world but also when they see characters in films and on television. (445). What Anderson claims here is that childrens behavior development is affected by many factors such as what they observe other people doing, the environment they live in and the media content they are exposed to on a day-after-day basis. Both writers make excellent claims and show great support of their texts. In actuality, Craig Anderson has had some hands on experience in some of the research done to correct what do violent video games have on a person, boosting his credibility to the subject.Jenkins goes on to argue, no research has found that video games are a primary factor or that violent video game play could turn an otherwise sane person into a killer. ( 449-450). Jenkins debunks the idea that violent video games have an effect on a unchangeable persons mental health. However, Anderson suggests, In any field of science, some studies will produce effects that differ from what most studies of that type find. If this werent true, then one would need to perform only one study on a particular issue and we would have the true answer. Unfortunately, science is not that simple. In this statement, Anderson explains that although some research studies have disregarded the effect of violent video games on an audience, it is difficult to determine exactly what the outcome of violent video games may be. Jenkins makes a comment where Play allows Kids to express their feelings and impulses (452). He believes that kids play these types of video games to express their feelings and blow off some steam. Exposing children and adolescents (or youth) to violent visual media adjoin the likelihood that they will engage in physical aggression againstanoth er person (445).Here Anderson is saw that violent video games have an effect on the audience behavior and would more likely engage in a violent manner towards another person. Once again both writers have good values in their arguments. While they are both providing good support from actual research that was conducted, for the tendency of seeing how children react to such materials, Jenkins statement quickly dismisses any effect of violent videogames to children. On the other hand, Andersons claim is that there is a negative effect with the exposure of such content, which is proven through various studies. In conclusion Craig Anderson and Henry Jenkins both have great arguments when it comes to whether or not violent video games may or may not cause children to act aggressive to another person. However, the fact of the numerate is that all children are different from one another and therefore, you cannot categorize and generalize based on a study that is being conducted on all chi ldren the same exact way and therefore the question of Does playing violent videogames pose a threat to the human mind? still remains.Work CitedAnderson, Craig. Violent Video Games and Other Media Violence. Writing Arguments A Rhetoric with Readings, Ninth Edition. By john D. Rampage, John C. Bean, and June Johnson. New York Pearson Longman, 2012. 445-48. sign Jenkins, Henry. Reality Bytes Eight Myths about Video Games Debunked. Writing Arguments A Rhetoric with Readings, Ninth Edition. By John D. Rampage, John C. Bean, and June Johnson. New York Pearson Longman, 2012. 449-52. Print

Reading and Books Essay

Despite the vast, growing and active commandal reforms continuously being modified and implemented in todays Filipino tuitional System much(prenominal) as MTB MLE and K+12 education curriculum, in that respect are calm down 6. 2 million Filipino y come onh who does non receive appropriate and dinner dress education in the classroom, which includes the Out of drillhouse children and young person. Specifically, according to the 2010 Annual Poverty Indicators Survey (APIS) of the depicted object Statistics Office (NSO) released November 2011, one out of eight Filipinos aged between 6 and 24 is an out- of- rail youth(OSY). original estimates further indicate that 7. 8 million Filipinos or 16. 2% of the population are not functionally literate. to the highest degree(predicate) 3. 9 million of them are out of school youth. The Philippine government defines an out of- school youth (OSY) as someone who is not attending dinner dress education and/or not gainfully employed in the case of youth 18 to 24 years old who take a shit not finished college or even a technical vocational course. The government further explains that the primary reasons for these out of school youth for not attending school is poverty and lack of personal interest.On the other(a) hand, out- of- school youth are vulnerable people who fox special compulsions likewise. Nobody hindquarters deny the hard feature that education is still an extremely important factor for bringing delineateing in the lives of these soulfulnesss. It has universally been recognized as the or so powerful instrument and pre prerequisite for gearing up the socio economic festering of a nation. This is why investment in education is considered to be so critical for human resource growth and enhancement of the quality of manpower.In the history of humankind, there is an established fact that a certain direct of literacy in population is an essential pre requisite for precipitating the proce ss of development in a country. It is forceful therefore that the most active part in the socio economic development of any country or region continuously consists of the adolescents. Moreover, many an(prenominal) people collapse a take impression of the abilities and capacities of out of school youth.It is generally assumed that this group carrys to re do and re learn the most basic literacy skills. Hence, they are marginalized and ostracized. In fact, out of- school youths do accept some experience of information within the glob establishment. In addition, many of them have gained rich learning experiences from their environment and culture. Thus, basic literacy does not necessarily mean teaching literacy in its most basic forms. However, the acquired skills and friendship need to be recognized, tapped into and enhanced.Out- of- school youths may have failed to complete their education in the formal system due to various reasons, such as socio economic or health starts, urbanization, instructor teaching factors or curriculum problems but UNESCO still has enumerated and emphasized the basic literacy for out of- school youth development which involves the skill of the basic skills needed to cope with the complex and technological humanness, including IT and computer skills, communication skills listening, speaking, withdrawing, written solid, entranceing, critical thinking and many others.Moreover, develop the literacy of OSYs is a complex process, which involves enhancing the knowledge and capacities that they have gained over the years and providing them with access to contend learning opportunities. The Philippines finished the initiative of the Bureau of Alternative nurture System formerly called the Bureau of Non formal Education (BNFE) is trustworthy for contributing to the changement of the poor including the out of school youth and drop outs through literacy and continuing education course of centerings.Its postu late is to focused basic services to the more disadvantaged sections of the population to advance their welfare and contribute to human resource development. This was done to respond to the need of a more overbearing and flexible approach in reaching all types of scholarly persons outside the formal school system. The Alternative Learning System (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) is a parallel learning system that provides a viable alternative to existing formal education instruction. It encompasses both non formal and informal sources of knowledge and skills.Certification of learning for out of school youth and adults , aged 15 years and over, who are unable to gain from the formal school system and who have dropped out of formal basal and secondary education , is ensured through the Alternative Learning System Accreditation and the Equivalency (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis A &E) System. The system of certification is done through successful completion of the ALS and A & E ri se at two learning take aims elementary and secondary. Those who pass the test have to undergo counseling to question their oppurtunities, be it a return to the formal school system or the option to enter the world of work.(UNESCO Bangkok, 2009). The ALS eSkwela program has v principal(prenominal) learning strands Communication skills, critical thinking and problem solving, sustainable use of resources and productivity, development of ego and a sense of community, and expanding ones world vision. Since ALS is a faculty-based learning system, savants come in on a set time and choose a module to direct. A quiz is given after each module to test their learning. Instead of teachers, facilitators are always present to answer any questions and sometimes lecturers would discuss a certain module.Apart from the take away aim and objective of the system, the ALS Project was conceived to respond to many grassroots learning needs and at the kindred time fulfill the following key so cial development objectives of EFA Functional Literacy Current estimates indicate that there are 7. 8 million Filipinos or 16. 2% of the population who are not functionally literate. About 3. 9 million of them are out of school youth. Family Literacy many another(prenominal)(prenominal) parents want to develop functional schooling, physical composition and numeracy skills and knowledge so that they dope assistance their children do their homework.Community Participation Continuing Education Many people who have vexed literacy skills and want to continue learning should be given the means and tools to return to formal schooling or go on learning on their own. Empowerment Out-of-school youth and adults vivification-time in economically depressed communities need to develop communication, problem solving, critical thinking, and learning-to-learn skills and competencies which allow for directly serve well them raise their standard of living and improve their quality of life.F unctional basic education should empower them with break up health enforces, better food, increased income, improved family life, more direct civic and community participation and more opportunities for giganticr life choices. It is noted that the ALS learning modules constructed by SEAMEO Innotech experts are leave officely chosen, used and read by the students. It is true therefore that through the skill called variant, any view or module given to them are enlightened.On the other hand, observations draw that are still many problems and issues encountered on the rendition performance and progress of the out of instruct Youth which includes vocabulary, inclusion body, accept skills and others. Even the (UIS, 2011) stated a very alarming issue that seven hundred and seventy-five million adults all over the world apprisenot read. Many of these OSYs too are unemployed, underemployed adn lacks basic English language literacy skills specially breeding and writing.In addi tion, UNESCO in addition emphasized that the basic English literacy skills development is too considered as a means of widening the experiences of learners and allowing them to communicate in effect in their everyday life as well as in their future lives as responsible citizens and sea captains. Accordingly, woven into the framework of the basic English Literacy skills is as well as the development of critical thinking skills. Thinking critically would mean grasping the complexity of the world and questioning how others think in order to clarify and improve ones own understanding.Although, schools and learning institutions clearly neglect the development of critical thinking, there is practically evidence to show that students teaching and writing abilities are linked to their ability to question facts and information. Literacy is briefly delimit as the ability to read and write. When we think of literacy, we think of discipline. But being able to read does not mean someone i s necessarily a literate person. In the 21st century, literacy encompasses the skills youth and adults need to be functional in the society, including numeracy and read and writing skills.Most learning is dependent to see. As the learner advances in the educational ladder, more complex reading skills are required of him. Effective reading requires from an idiosyncratic the ability to locate keywords in a sentence, locate the topic sentence in a carve up and understand and interpret what is read. Reading, therefore is an important skill a child must developed in order to cope to the very fast, changing and difficulties the world offers. Of many skills it is cited that it is one of the for the first time skill a literate person must acquire.Likewise, there were many studies and projects that responded to the many goals of ALS and UNESCO in general, proper(postnominal)ally along the communication skills strands. One of which is the Project EASE. This register made use of a Readi ng learning and writing composition test to assess the basic communication skills of the students. Unfortunately, there were only few qualifiers for the said program the rest did not qualify. Most of the non qualifiers came from the lower sections where the pressure to earn was much stronger.The non qualifier was given another chance. They were administered with an alternative cloze type of comprehension test carefully made by the SEAMEO Innotech experts. The program such as EASE was pronounced. (add facts) Another is a landing field on the Attributes of High School Student qualifiers in the Accreditation and Equivalency Program (AEP) which was done as Basis for a proposed Action Program by Rarang in (1999). The count made use of the public high school students in the quartetteth congressional district of Pangasinan during the school year 1997 1998.The study was done for the purpose of creating appropriate action programs that could increase the probability of prospective PEP T examinees to qualify for promotion or year level acceleration. The result of the study revealed that out of the 86 respondents who took the 1997 PEPT only four qualified for the acceleration or promotion to the next higher level in high school. Furthermore, the research made use of the Descriptive Method with a pre and post enrollment attributes of the student qualifier in the AEP as data gathering instrument.It was found out that there was more male drop outs that females and their drop age ranged from 13 to 17 years old and that before the respondents dropped out from school, the last level they perfect was Grade VI. The findings of the study also revealed that the main reason for the learners dropping out is due to financial difficulty. They also vary in their performance in the last year level they attended with 89. 13% as the highest average grade and the lowest grade at 68. 25%. More so, the study discovered that the causative factor in theacceleration and promotion of the students to the next level are their reading activities done during their free time like reading magazines, newspapers, books, pocketbooks and even their old notes. Accordingly, reading is the most important factor in achieving promotion and acceleration. Many reading researches have shown that learners and OSYs reading skills literacy performance is always at risks. Firstly, in the second Readership Survey made by SWS survey commissioned by NBDB floated all over the Philippines revealed that reading has slightly declined in our country.Only 92 per centum of the 1,200 respondents say that they read, down to two percent from the first Readership survey done in 2003. In the literacy field, comprehension is in the main identified as the goal of (Duke & Pearson, 2002 Duke, Pearson, Strachan, & Billman, 2011). slice many agrees comprehension is of utmost importance, many still argue that in this many classroom con schoolbook, focalisation on students fluency did not limit student s development as readers, especially for those who were asked to read aloud.The findings of this study also pointed out the importance of teachers examining the learners own perceptions about reading and reading instruction (Edwards, Martin, Protacio, & Razali,2010). Furthermore, (Biancarosa & Snow, 2006 Joftus, 2002) exclaimed that even among students who do grad from highschool, inadequate reading skills are a key impediment to success in postsecondary education (Ameri tramp sheepskin Project, 2004).Students who struggle with reading of ten lack the prerequisites to take academically challenging coursework that could lead to more wide reading and thus exposure to advanced vocabulary and guinea pig ideas (Au, 2000). The 2006 report by bend, Inc. , Reading amongst the Lines What the ACT Reveals About College Readiness in Reading, describes even more troubling trends. Only 51% of students who took the ACT test in 2004 were ready for college-level reading demands (ACT, Inc. , 200 6).The reading skill levels of the out-of-school youth population have remainedlow, especially in comparison to the rising skill demands of employers. Although this report cannot summarize the changing qualifications, a add together of indicators suggest a serious shortfall between the skills of out-of-school youth and job requirements. Dropouts and other out-of-school youth are reported to be unable to attain basic levels of math and reading progress are certainly much higher.White Paper further explains that young people leaving the educational system at 16, or more likely 19, must at least have the requisite literacy and communication skills to be employable and to be effective in life.Since reading is linked to writing, students write about what they read. Young and adults who are behind in reading and writing plain have not had as much experience reading and writing as young adults who are proficient readers and writers. Moreover, out of- school youth who are behind have al so not leaned the strategies that proficient readers and writers use to understand text and communicate their ideas in writing. This means that explicitly the strategies that proficient readers and writers use and providing guided practice are the keys to better these skills.It has been proven that Out of- school youth receive a broad repertoire of knowledge and skills that simply needs to be recognized, tapped into and enhanced in order for their abilities to improve. Indeed, there is a need to place a great(p)er emphasis on developing and enhancing quality English language literacy skills training, programs and instructional materials for Out of School youth development. The conception of the ALS program or the Alternative Learning System is a great endeavor that caters to the needs and improvement of Out of-School youth in the urban center Schools Division of Dagupan urban center.The ALS DEpED Dagupan City Division is one with the government in the active fulfillment of its task to reach and educate the OSYs in the City. In fact, there have been many OSYs who benefited from the program. Latest report says that ALS students in Region I show positive interest in this endeavor. Dagupan City Schools Division is composed of five Districts. From all over the city, there have been many Out of school youth coming from the 31 barangays of the city who enrolled in the said program.With the initiative of teachers and volunteers who facilitates the program, the actual teaching and learning is collectively done with the help of the module based learning materials. Furthermore, in the case study conducted by the Accreditation and Equivalency System of the Non Formal Education Project clearly encourages service providers like educational institutions to identify and make use of variety of enriching materials both print and non print in addition to the prescribed NFE and A & E Learning modules provided by the SEAMEO INNOTECH.With the boost of the BNFE or the A LS calling to diametrical service providers to respond and create instructional materials that the OSYs can benefit, the researcher will study on the present Reading Comprehension Skills levels of the Dagupeno OSYs particularly on the Reading Comprehensions Skills Level of the ALS students presently registered and attending the regular Eskwela ALS program in the City schools disagreement of Dagupan during the calendar year 2013 2014 and envisions to create a ego Learning Reading Material that will better improve and enhance the Reading Comprehension and in general proficiency of the ALS learners. disceptation OF THE PROBLEM This study aims to analyze the Reading Comprehension Skills Level of ALS students in the city schools division of Dagupan. Specifically, it will answer the following questions 1. What is the performance of the ALS students in the reading Comprehension Test in terms of the a. Total oodles they will obtain from the Reading Comprehension Test? b. Specific scor es they will obtained in the following reading Comprehension levels vocal Reorganizational Inferential Evaluational Appreciational? 2.What is the extent of performance of the ALS students in the reading Comprehension test in terms of a. Total scores they will obtain from the Reading Comprehension Test? scores they will obtained in the following reading Comprehension levels Literal Reorganizational Inferential Evaluational Appreciational? 3. What instructional material will be proposed to address the reading comprehension inadequacies of the ALS students? SUBJECTS The subjects of the study will be the ALS students of the city schools division of Dagupan enrolled in the five districts of the division.There is a intact of 447 ALS students in the division and they will be randomly selected from among the districts of the division. The respondents of the study will be elementary drop outs, secondary drop outs, non- passer of previous ALS A&E Test/s, Learners/Completers of the ALS pro grams and Youth and adult drop outs. RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS/ Assumptions The study will be anchored on the following assumptions 1. The total test scores and the scores in the specific skills areas of the ALS students will reflect their reading comprehension performance. 2.The ALS students responses to the items in the test must truthful and surgical SCOPE AND DELIMITATION The study will be conducted to determine the reading comprehension performance and skills of the ALS students of the city schools division of Dagupan during the S. Y. 2013 2014. The respondents of the study will be elementary drop outs, secondary drop outs, non- passer of previous ALS A&E Test/s, Learners/Completers of the ALS programs and Youth and adult drop outs in general. A constructed Reading Comprehension Test will be used as instrument in gathering data clever to the study.The Reading Comprehension test will be carefully validated, tabulated and interpreted to arrive at accurate and precise results tha t will help as basis for the creation of a self- learning reading material for ALS students. Definition of Terms The following terms are carefully defined in the scope of the study to provide a common understanding and frame of give earence between the researcher and the readers Reading both a process and a product and it involves bringing the individuals entire life experiences and thinking patterns to understand what the writer has written (Aukerman, 1981).Reading Comprehension refers to the ability to understand text read by means of constructing meaning with the use of some clues in the text and the schema or background knowledge of the reader about the text. Reading Comprehension Abilities, also referred to as reading comprehension skills, refer to the five(5) reading levels (Toffelson, as cited by Tuvera, 1993) of reading comprehension, which include (1) Literal Level(2) Reorganizational Level (3) Inferential Level (4) Evaluational Level and (5) Appreciational Level. Specif ic Comprehension Skills refers to the specific skills that make up the incompatible reading levels.Literal level of reading refers to the reading level that enables the students to recognized and/or recall details, main ideas, sequences, comparison, cause and effect relationships, reputation traits and recall reservoirs organization and explicitly stated information in the reading excerpt (Toffelson, as cited by Tuvera, 1993). Reorganizational level of reading refers to the reading level that enables the student to classify or group, define or specify, summarize and synthesize text that has been read (Toffelson, as cited by Tuvera, 1993).Inferential Level of reading refers to the reading level that enables the student to infer supporting details which require the making of a possibleness on an information that might have been included in the text infer the main idea infer a sequence which requires the student to make a hypothesis about what might have occurred in addition to t he already explicitly stated events and making a hypothesis in events beyond completion of the text.Other skills also included are inferring, comparison, cause and effect relationships, charater traits,authors organization, metaphoric language and predicting outcomes (Toffelson, as cited by Tuvera, 1993). Evaluational level of reading refers to the reading level that enables the student to make a judgment of reality and fantasy and judgment between fact and opinion (Toffelson, as cited by Tuvera, 1993). Appreciational level of Reading refers to the reading level that enables the student to have emotional response to the text and determine an authors purpose, mood, tone and point of vies (Toffelson, as cited by Tuvera, 1993).Performance is defined as a manner of functioning the manner in which something or someone or somebody functions, operates, or behaves (Microsoft Encarta 2006. 1993 2005 Microsoft Corporation). In this study, it refers to the fig of correct answers of the ALS students an all the specific levels of the reading comprehension test to reflect the students reading comprehension abilities. Extent of Performance refers to the reading comprehension abilities of the students based on a scale of scores to describe the level of reading comprehension of the ALS students.The scale will consists of three (3) levels High , for scores combining weight to 75 percent 100 percent Moderate, for scores equivalent to 50 percent 74 percent and Low, for scores equivalent to at most 49 percent of the total point and of their points in the different specific reading comprehension skills areas. Total Scores obtained refers to the raw scores of the students which will correspond to the turning of the correct answers of the ALS students in the reading comprehension test.Specific scores obtained refers to the raw scores of the learners in the different specific skill areas which correspond to the number of correct answers of the students in the specific skill ar eas. Self Learning Reading Activities are activities involving processes which will enhance the reading performance and improve the five levels of reading comprehension of the ALS students . It also encourages students to gain more interest in reading with the aid of the designated activities. digest refers to the process of categorizing the performance of the students in the reading comprehension test in its totality and in the specific reading skills according to the extent of their performance. Out of School Youth ALS ALS Learners ALS Implementers conceptual Framework The objective of all readers should be comprehension of what they read. Comprehension is understanding. Understanding involves abilities to explain, interpret, apply, have perspective, empathize, and have self knowledge (Wiggins and Mctighe,1998).Reading is both a process and a product ant it involves bringing the individuals entire life experiences and thinking patterns to understand what the writer has written (Aukerman, 1981). When good decoders have problems with comprehension, they need help in developing language proficiency and listening comprehension. Teachers can help them develop the interchangeable skills by combining vocabulary and comprehension strategy instruction with encouragement to enhance their reading of different materials Dymock, 1993). Reading comprehension can be effected by background knowledge.This concept is proved that when readers possess rich prior knowledge about the topic of a reading material, they often understand the reading material better than readers with low prior knowledge. That said, readers couldnt always relate their world knowledge to the content of a text because they are not able to, even when they possess knowledge relevant to the information it presents. Often, they do not make inferences based on prior knowledge unless the inference are short demanded to make sense of the text (Mckoon % Ratcliff, 1992).The study is anchored on the core conc ept that reading difficulties encountered by learners can be addressed by an appropriate learning material in the form of a self learning reading material which will address their difficulties to be assessed using the reading comprehension test. research Paradigm Figure 1. Paradigm of the study Figure 1 above illustrates the prerequisites in the development of a Self Learning Reading Materail to improve the reading comprehension ability of ALS learners in the city schools division of Dagupan. CHAPTER II Review of Related Literature and StudiesThis chapter presents studies and literature which are seen to be significant that can give light to the completion and conduct of the research. FOREIGN Educational research has become a globose enterprise, with researchers recognizing the need to be aware of educational practices in other countries. Burbules (2002) notes that this international context makes possible the communion of knowledge and experience gained in relation to reform a nd evaluation in different countries. Recent studies show that seven hundred and seventy-five million adults cannot read (UIS, 2011).According to the study conducted by Glewwe and Kremer, (2006 ) a major factor in the poor reading problem is the poor quality of public schools in developing countries. Many peoples understanding of the educational production function, however, is still special. Providing resources to schools with no other inputs rarely improves overall student performance and that if resources are paired with a larger array of inputs, students test scores do improve, he exclaimed. Unfortunately, the exact kind of additional support is necessary to make additional resources effective.For reading in particular, a number of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of large comprehensive changes. Banerjee et al. (2007) studies an Indian remedial education program. The disturbance itself causes students reading skills to improve, but because the intervention changes t he educational environment along multiple dimensions additional teachers, new pedagogical methods, new curriculum, changes to organization of the classroom, and additional resources it is impossible to identify which components are necessary.In addition, a Case essay of Reading Instruction in a Philippine Classroom was also conducted by Protacio and Sarroub, (2013) where the reading practices in a public and high-achieving 6th grade English classroom in the Philippines were used as subjects of the study. The study utilized a four resources model, the different roles that students assume in this classroom was also clearly discussed. The students in the class are describe mainly as code surf and text users and have limited opportunities to assume the other two roles of the four resources model.The study also provides a different view of reading, specifically a view of a culture of reading wherein higher status is given to verbal reading performance rather than comprehension. The r esults of the study further revealed that reading is sensed as an viva voce performance legal action by Filipino students because reading aloud is used frequently to negotiate the lack of resources in Philippine public schools. Comprehension does not matter as much to these students rather, they are concerned with how they are perceived as oral readers in English, which is their second language.The case study findings provide a different view of reading, specifically a view of a culture of reading wherein higher status is given to oral performance rather than comprehension or fluency. The data also reveals that the predominant emphasis on oral performance satisfies only two roles or family of practices in the four resources model of reading code breakers and text users. All of the students in the pilot section were not afforded opportunities by the teacher to fully need with the four resources, as the class focused mostly on oral recitation as the main indicator for reading well .Students in this class infrequently assumed the role of meaning-makers and text analysts (Luke & Freebody, 1999 Underwood, Yoo, & Pearson, 2007). Instead, both students and teacher privileged correct pronunciation and reading correctly aloudgetting the accent right laid who the best students were in the class. Though, Philippine literacy scholars have commented on the emphasis on performance and reading aloud. Maminta (1982) discusses how reading as a subject was relegated to the background as the curriculum emphasized speech improvement with most of the class time being spent on pattern drills, mimicry, and memorization.Even though Mamintas name focuses on speech improvement as being the emphasis three decades ago, it seems that it still characterizes classroom practice in the Philippines today. In the pilot section, the students themselves seemed to be the ones placing the emphasis on speech improvement. In the literacy field, comprehension is primarily identified as the goal o f reading (Duke & Pearson, 2002 Duke, Pearson, Strachan, & Billman, 2011). While many agrees that comprehension is of utmost importance, many still argues that in this classroom context, focusing on students fluency did not limit students development asreaders, particularly for those who were asked to read aloud.What we do feel strongly about is the importance of providing all students opportunities to assume the role of readers in this classroom by giving all students a chance to read aloud in class. However, we notice that, sadly, this was not the case. The findings of this study also point to the importance of teachers examining their own perceptions about reading and reading instruction (Edwards, Martin, Protacio, & Razali,2010).Moreover, Reading fluency is the point at which beginning readers rely less on the phonemic decryption to recognize individual words and begin to recognize whole words, allowing for an increase in reading repair and comprehension. Meyer and Felton (19 99), for example, define fluency as the ability to read connected text rapidly, smoothly, effortlessly, and automatically with little witting attention to the mechanics of reading, such as decoding. Also, a study on the Effective Reading Programs for pose and High School synthesized by Slavin, Cheung, Groff and Lake was published in 2009.This is a collection of many reading programs that systematically reviewed research on the achievement outcomes of four types of approaches to improving the reading of middle and high school students specifically on the (1 ) reading curricula, (2) mixed-method models (methods that combine large and small-group instruction with computer activities), (3) computer-assisted instruction, and (4) instructional-process programs (methods that focus on providing teachers with extensive professional development to implement specific instructional methods).The collective synthesized study found out that students who enter high school with poor literacy skil ls face long odds against graduating and going on to postsecondary education or agreeable careers.